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MOP > Antibody structure and B cells > Flashcards

Antibody structure and B cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are antibodies (Ab)?

A

also known as immunoglobulins (Ig)
Ab are the targeted weapons of the adaptive immune system
clear extracellular pathogens and neutralise toxins

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2
Q

where are antibodies produced

A

by activated, effector B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

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3
Q

where do antibodies circulate/ found

A

circulate in plasma and lymph and are found at mucosal surfaces

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4
Q

are antibodies specific

A

yes they bind only to a single antigens (Ag)

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5
Q

how large is the antibody repertoire

A

very large – 109-1016 unique molecules

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6
Q

why do B cells have surface antibodies

A
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7
Q

how Plasma cells secrete antibodies

A
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8
Q

describe the structure of an antibody

A

constant regions (bottom half of top)
variable regions (top of top)
hinge region
two identical Ag-binding sites
bivalence (can bind two antigen molecules at the same time)

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9
Q

describe Antibody ‘dissection’

A
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10
Q

does The hinge region gives flexibility

A

true

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11
Q

describe Structure of human Ig classes

A

GAMED

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12
Q

what are antibodies made of

A

compact protein complexes made up of immunoglobulin (Ig) domain

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13
Q

in 3D Ig domains in 3D – the light chain

A

antigen binding domain recognises a 3D shape not an aa sequence

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14
Q

explain how Antigen binding – hypervariable (HV) regions

A

complementarity-determining regions CDR
flanked by framework regions (yellow)

There are 3 HV regions in each V domain

Come together at the ‘tip’ of the Ig molecule

Since antibodies are bivalent and the antigen binding region is made of variable regions of heavy and light chains, there are 12 CDR per antibody

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15
Q

true or false antibodies bind to epitopes on a pathogen surface

A

true

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16
Q

Antigen binding - shapes

A

Epitopes can bind to different surfaces in the Ag binding site

- depends on complementary surfaces
17
Q

Epitopes can be linear or conformational

A
18
Q

how is antinodie diversity generated

A

Immunoglobulin genes are made up of gene segments
pick and mix

Each set of segments contains alternative versions
Gene segments must be rearranged to form a functional gene
This occurs during B cell development in the bone marrow
- All rearrangements are by chance
_ BEFORE antigen is seen

19
Q

explain how and where random recombination could occur

A
20
Q

does Functional sequences arise by rearranging gene segments

A

true

21
Q

how it happens simply slide

A
22
Q

describe how Immunoglobulins change AFTER antigen encounter

A

Antigen binding to the membrane-bound immunoglobulin triggers
proliferation, activation and differentiation
secretion of Ab
but only with T cell help

Ultimately, activated B cells become
plasma cells
memory B cells

As immune responses progress, both the antigen binding and effector functions of the antibody will change

23
Q

what do B cells do once they leave the bone marrow when mature…

A

and circulate through the lymphatic system, looking for Ag and T cell help

24
Q

explain the Stages of B cell activation and maturation (simple)

A

TF control b cell stage activation that can go on to become a memory cell or plasma cells

25
Q

Biological complexity over time

A

increases over time small antibodies at start as the infection progresses the more diverse and specific number of antibodies

26
Q

Secreted antibodies have the same specificity as membrane-bound antibodies

A

After antigen encounter, soluble IgM is the first antibody secreted
-> primary immune response

Plasma cells have no surface immunoglobulin
-> they only make soluble antibodies

Differential RNA splicing adds a hydrophilic sequence to the tail of soluble antibodies
->permits Ab secretion

27
Q

explain how Somatic hypermutation refines antigen binding

A

mutations mostly occur at variable regions some at joining region if antibodies isn’t functional cell dies

28
Q

what is isotope switching

A

Isotype switching – change of heavy chain

29
Q

explain how Isotype switching can occur

A
30
Q

what antibodies forms a dimer

A

IgA

31
Q

what antibodies are monomers

A

IgG , IgD , IgE

32
Q

what antibodies forms a pentamer

A

IgM

33
Q

Characteristics and distributions of human antibodies

A
34
Q

Is Antibody-antigen ratio is critical for optimal function

A

yes but for optimal function just the right amount of antibodies must be produced

MOP (9 decks)

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