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Immunology > Antibodies, Antibody Diversity, and T cell Development > Flashcards

Antibodies, Antibody Diversity, and T cell Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Anything that can be SPECIFICALLY bound by cells of the adaptive immune system

  • B cell receptor
  • T cell receptor
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2
Q

Which cells bind in a specific manner to antigen?

A

B and T Cells

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3
Q

T/F. B cells are involved in humoral immunity whereas T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity.

A

True.

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4
Q

What happens when B cells recognize antigen?

A
  1. antibody secretion by plasma cells (effector B cells)

2. development of immunologic memory (memory B cells)

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5
Q

Recognition of antigen by T cells results in what?

A
  1. T cell activation

2. Development of immunologic memory (memory T cells)

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6
Q

What is another name for antibody?

A

immunoglobulin (Ig)

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7
Q

What are the two forms that an antibody can be found?

A

membrane bound (B cell receptor) or secreted

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8
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  1. Antigen recognition
  2. Direct antigen neutralization
  3. Opsonization (enhances phagocytosis by phagocytes)
  4. Activation of the complement cascade
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9
Q

Which cells recognize antigen? Antigen fragment (peptide) + MHC?

A

B cells; T cells

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10
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The generation of blood cells

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11
Q

___ selection involving either deletion or receptor editing mediated by ___-avidity interactions with ___ antigen.

A

Negative; high; self

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12
Q

___ selection and lineage commitment is ___-avidity interaction with ___ antigen.

A

Positive; low; self

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13
Q

B cell’s hematopoietic stem cells originate in the ___ ___ and immature B cells migrate to the ___ and eventually become ___ B-2 B cells or ___ ___ B-2 B cells.

A

bone marrow; spleen; follicular; marginal zone

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14
Q

T/F. Antibody binding alone is not sufficient to neutralize antigen.

A

False, it is.

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15
Q

How do antibodies trigger the elimination of foreign antigen?

A
  1. activation of complement leads to cell lysis
  2. opsonization leads to phagocytosis
  3. ADCC causes NK mediated cytotoxicity
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16
Q

What are the two fragments of an antibody?

A

Fab and Fc portion

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17
Q

Which fragment binds antigen?

A

Fab

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18
Q

Four chain structure contains 2 ___ heavy chains that spans ___ and ___. There are also 2 ___ light chains that span ___ only.

A

identical; Fab; Fc; identical; Fab

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19
Q

Match the immunoglobulin with its heavy chain:

  1. IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgA
  4. IgD
  5. IgE
A. mu
B. gamma
C. delta
D. epsilon
E. alpha
A
  1. IgG – B. heavy chain gamma
  2. IgM – A. heavy chain mu
  3. IgA – E. heavy chain alpha
  4. IgD – C. heavy chain delta
  5. IgE – D. heavy chain epislon
20
Q

Which immunoglobulin isotype is found in mucosal areas, saliva, tears, and breast milk to prevent colonization by pathogens?

A

IgA

21
Q

What form is IgA found?

A

dimer

22
Q

Which antibody functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens?

A

IgD

23
Q

Which Ig binds allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils?

A

IgE

24
Q

T/F. IgG provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. It is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus.

A

True.

25
Q

Which Ig is expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity?

A

IgM

26
Q

what structure is IgM found?

A

pentamer

27
Q

In IgG, the Fab arms are linked to the Fc by an extended region of polypeptide chain known as the ___.

A

hinge

28
Q

What two forms do the light chains of IgG have?

A

kappa and lambda

29
Q

How many subclasses of IgG heavy chains are there?

A

4 (gamma 1-4)

30
Q

The hypervariable regions of the antibody are known as the ___ ___ ___.

A

complementary determining regions (CDR)

31
Q

Where is the CDR located?

A

on the tip of the Fab and Fc regions of the light chain of the antibody. This is where antigen binding occurs.

32
Q

There are an estimated ___ human protein-coding genes. How could our body make so many different antibodies?

A

20,000-25,000; VDJ rearrangement

33
Q

The human ___ chain variable region is constructed from the joining of three gene segments, V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining). The ___ chain variable gene is constructed by the joining of two gene segments, ___ and ___.

A

heavy; light; V; J

34
Q

___ ___ is the creation of antibody diversity in the Ig repertoire through the joining of various gene segments.

A

combinatorial diversity

35
Q

After antigen stimulation, the V, D,J genes in B cells can make ___ base changes (often at the region of ___). This is called ___ ___, which occurs to increase the ___ of antibody (affinity maturation).

A

single; CDR; somatic mutation; affinity

36
Q

What are the two BCRs you find on a naive B cells?

A

IgM or IgD

37
Q

T/F. Plasma cells can secrete ALL of the Ab isotypes but they can only secrete ONE form of Ab.

A

True.

38
Q

What allows for the generation of multiple antibody isotypes with the same Ag specificity?

A

Class switching (isotope switching)

39
Q

T/F. In class switching, some genes of the constant region are looped then cut to produce a primary RNA transcript that only expresses one form of antibody.

A

True.

40
Q

Where do T cell mature?

A

thymus

41
Q

Those lymphocytes that do not bind ___ through their TCR are destined to die by apoptosis. This ___ selection takes place in the ___ region of the thymus.

A

MHC; positive; cortical

42
Q

___ selection mediated by ___-avidity interactions with self antigen takes place in the ___ region of the thymus.

A

negative; high; medullary

43
Q

T/F. If the thymocyte TCR engages in a low-affinity interaction with a self MHC molecule on the thymic epithelial cell, it is rescued from programmed cell death and continues to mature.

A

True. This is known as positive selection.

44
Q

T/F. If the thymocyte TCR does not engage in any interactions with peptide-MHC molecule complexes on thymic epithelial cells, it will die by apoptosis.

A

True. This is known as lack of positive selection.

45
Q

T/F. If the thymocye TCR binds peptide-MHC complexes on a thymic antigen-presenting cell with high affinity or avidity, it is induced to undergo apoptosis.

A

True. This is known as negative selection.

46
Q

Eater cells are also known as what?

A

phagocytes. This antibody marking is the process of opsonization.

Immunology (12 decks)

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