antibodies and secondary immune response

Question 1

Neutralisation

Answer 1

Antibody surround pathogen and bind to it, prevents the pathogen from entering host cells thereby neutralising them

Question 2

agglutination

Answer 2

Many antibodies bind to many antigens in one space and clump together, thereafter a phagocyte carries out phagocytosis on a whole ‘clump’

Question 3

How do antitoxins help to protect cells?

Answer 3

do antitoxins help to protect cells?

Antibodies combine with toxins secreted by bacteria to neutralise them e.g. tetanus

Question 4

Primary immune response

Answer 4

Antibodies are produced several days after the initial exposure to the pathogen. The immune response is relatively small
Plasma cells do not live for very long

Antibodies that they make will eventually break down

Both t and b cells will form memory cells

Will circulate in both the blood and lymph

Patrol around the body for that specific antigen

Question 5

Secondary immune response

Answer 5

A second exposure to the same antigen activates antigen-specific memory cells

Stimulate a larger, faster and longer-lived secondary immune response
More rapid and concentration of the antibodies produced is significantly more than the primary immune response

Colonal selection occurs faster

Memory b lymphocytes are activated and divide into plasma cells that produce the antibody required

Memory t lymphocytes are activated and divide into t killer cells to destroy cells infected with the antigen

All happens before you show any symptoms – completely unaware