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Drug revision > Antibiotics / Microman (2018) / Microbiology Summary > Flashcards

Antibiotics / Microman (2018) / Microbiology Summary Flashcards

1
Q

If you’re looking for specific antibiotic treatments then go onto ‘The Holy Grail (Treatments)’ Brainscape subject, and see the deck ‘Infections’. This specific deck will be for general microbiological facts you need to know to understand Antibiotics. It will also cover themes of Tayside Microman 2018.

A

WANSUM?

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2
Q

Side effects of Gentamycin?

A
  • Renal damage

- Damage to CN VIII (deafness and dizziness)

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3
Q

What family of antibiotics are best known to cause erythema (redness)

A

Cephalosporins

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4
Q

Purple

Stains well due to thick peptidoglycan wall

A

Gram positive

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5
Q

Pink

Has a thin peptidoglycan wall

A

Gram negative

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6
Q

Exotoxin exported from the cell wall

A

Gram positive

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7
Q

Endotoxin is part of the cell wall

A

Gram negative

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8
Q

Gram positive chain

A

Streptococci

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9
Q

Test for Streptococci?

A

Haemolysis

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10
Q

Alpha haemolysis colour

A

Partial haemolysis: Green

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11
Q

Beta haemolysis colour

A

Complete haemolysis: Yellow/ translucent

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12
Q

Gamma haemolysis colour

A

No haemolysis: Red

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13
Q

Alpha haemolysis organisms

A

Strep pneumoniae

Strep viridans

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14
Q

Beta haemolysis organisms

A

Strep (A) pyogenes

Strep B

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15
Q

Gamma haemolysis organisms

A

Enterococcus faecalis (Strep D)

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16
Q

What diseases does Strep pyogenes most commonly cause?

A

Strep throat
Rheumatic fever
Acute glomerular nephritis
Scarlet fever

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17
Q

What diseases does Strep viridans most commonly cause?

A

Endocarditis- post dental treatment

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18
Q

What diseases does Enterococcus faecalis most commonly cause?

A

It’s a harmless commensal- but can cause intra-abdominal infections if it gets into the peritoneum.

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19
Q

What organisms usually cause bacterial meningitis in newborns

A

Strep B

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20
Q

What are the two most common organisms that cause bacterial meningitis is adults and children?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Strep pneumoniae

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21
Q

Gram positive clusters

A

Staphlococci

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22
Q

Test for Staphlococci?

A

Coagulase test

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23
Q

Positive coagulase Staph

A

Staph Aureus

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24
Q

Negative coagulase Staph

A

Staff epidermidis

Skin commensals

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25
Q

What does Methicillin-resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA) produce?

A

Panton valentine leucocidin

This causes necrolytic skin infections

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26
Q

Gram positive bacilli (rods) organisms?

A 
Clostiridium difficile
Bacillus cereus 
Listeria monocytogenes
Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula
Others
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27
Q

What toxins does C. difficile release?

A

Enterotoxin A
Cytotoxin B
When stressed- spores that can withstand extreme conditions

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28
Q

How are the investigations for C. difficile?

A

Stool culture

Bacterial DNA/ toxin

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29
Q

What are the four antibiotics that lead to C. difficile

A

Ciprofloxacin
Co-amoxiclav
Clindamycin
Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)

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30
Q

How does one catch bacillus cereus?

A

From eating reheated rice

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31
Q

Gram negative cocci organisms?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Both of these present as diplococci

32
Q

Gra negative coccobacillus (half cocci, half cocci)

A

Haemophilus influenzae
Chlamydia Trochomatis
Bordetella pertussis

33
Q

What does bordetella pertussis most commonly cause?

A

Pertussis- i.e. “whooping cough” in children

34
Q

Gram negative bacilli (rods) organisms?

A 
Pseudomonas
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
Shigella
Proteus (vulgaris, mirabilis, penneri)
Enterobacter
Citrobacter
Salmonella
35
Q

What the shit type of E. coli to get?

A

E. coli 0157

36
Q

What does E. coli 0157 produce?

A

Verotoxin (VTEC)

37
Q

Gram negative helical shaped organisms?

A

Campylobacter

38
Q

Want to know a fun fact about co-amoxiclav?

A

It treats basically everything apart from Pseudomonas and MRSA

39
Q

Name some gut commensals

A

E. coli
Klebsiella
Proteus

40
Q

Name some gut pathogens

A

E. coli 0157
Shigella
Salmonella

41
Q

Organism associated with chest infections and pidgeons/parrots as pets

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

42
Q

Organism associated with dry cough and diarrhoea, with a background of holiday abroad + contact with foreign water

A

Legionella pneumophila

43
Q

Red jelly sputum

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

44
Q

Rusty sputum

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

45
Q

What’s another name for Strep pneumoniae

A

Pneumococcal

46
Q

Chest infection associated with keeping sheep

A

Coxiella burnetti

47
Q

What type of gram stain do chlamydiae organisms (Chlamydophila psittaci) have?

A

They are obligate intracellular parasites but have a similar wall to gram negatives

48
Q

What type of gram stain does Legionella pneumophila have?

A

Gram negative

49
Q

What type of gram stain does Coxiella burnetti have?

A

Gram negative

50
Q

What organism is associated with eating beef and BBQs

A

E. coli

51
Q

What organism is associated with bakeries / cream cakes?

A

Staph Aureus (because it enters the cake products from the hands of the workers)

52
Q

What are the most common organisms that cause early prosthetic valve endocarditis (< 2 months)?

A

S. epidermidis 28.1%
S. aureus 18.8%
S. viridans 3.1%

53
Q

What are the most common organisms that cause late prosthetic valve endocarditis (> 2 months)?

A

S. epidermidis 20.4%
S. aureus 19.4%
S. viridans 15.7%

54
Q

What are the most common organisms that cause native valve infective endocarditis?

A

Acute: Staph Aureus
Subacute: Staph Viridans, Enterococcus faecalis

Others: Staph Epidermidis

55
Q

What are the most common valves affected in infective endocarditis?

A

Tricuspid 50%
Mitral 20%
Aortic 20%

56
Q

A common pneumonia from drunk people aspirating?

A

Klebsiella

57
Q

Most common causes of meningitis?

A

Pneumococcus (Strep pneumoniae)

Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis)

58
Q

Most common cause of meningitis >60 years old?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

59
Q

Most common causes of encephalitis?

A

Herpes simplex

60
Q

Most common causes of epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococci

61
Q

Most common cause of tonsillitis?

A

Strep pyogenes

62
Q

Most common cause of sinusitis?

A

Pneumococcus

63
Q

Most common causes of acute otitis media?

A

Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae

64
Q

Most common causes of Mild/Moderate Community Acquired Pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae

65
Q

Most common causes of Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae
And possible coliforms and atypicals such as Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Coxiella.

Staph Aureus is common post influenza

66
Q

Most common causes of COPD exacerbation?

A

Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae

67
Q

Most common causes of Hospital Acquired Pneumonia?

A

Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and coliforms. Legionella can be hospital acquired.

68
Q

Most common causes of peritonitis/ biliary tract sepsis?

A

Polymicrobial coliforms, anaerobes & enterococci

69
Q

Most common causes of UTIs (male and female)?

A

Coliforms, Enterococci

70
Q

What organisms cause “Farmers lung”?

A 
Aspergillus 
Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (bacteria)

Both often found in hay / mould

Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula produces IgG antibodies> Type IV hypersensitivity

71
Q

Where is Staph epidermidis most commonly found?

A

Skin and mucous membranes

72
Q

Where is Staph aureus most commonly found?

A

Mainly nose and perineum

73
Q

What toxins does Strep pyogenes produce?

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins (SpeB, SpeC)

74
Q

What two organisms are associated with toxic shock?

A

Staph aureus

Strep pyogenes

75
Q

Associated with catheters and instrumentation

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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