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Drug revision > Antibiotics / Microman (2018) / Microbiology Summary > Flashcards

Antibiotics / Microman (2018) / Microbiology Summary Flashcards

1
Q

If you’re looking for specific antibiotic treatments then go onto ‘The Holy Grail (Treatments)’ Brainscape subject, and see the deck ‘Infections’. This specific deck will be for general microbiological facts you need to know to understand Antibiotics. It will also cover themes of Tayside Microman 2018.

A

WANSUM?

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2
Q

Side effects of Gentamycin?

A
  • Renal damage

- Damage to CN VIII (deafness and dizziness)

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3
Q

What family of antibiotics are best known to cause erythema (redness)

A

Cephalosporins

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4
Q

Purple

Stains well due to thick peptidoglycan wall

A

Gram positive

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5
Q

Pink

Has a thin peptidoglycan wall

A

Gram negative

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6
Q

Exotoxin exported from the cell wall

A

Gram positive

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7
Q

Endotoxin is part of the cell wall

A

Gram negative

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8
Q

Gram positive chain

A

Streptococci

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9
Q

Test for Streptococci?

A

Haemolysis

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10
Q

Alpha haemolysis colour

A

Partial haemolysis: Green

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11
Q

Beta haemolysis colour

A

Complete haemolysis: Yellow/ translucent

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12
Q

Gamma haemolysis colour

A

No haemolysis: Red

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13
Q

Alpha haemolysis organisms

A

Strep pneumoniae

Strep viridans

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14
Q

Beta haemolysis organisms

A

Strep (A) pyogenes

Strep B

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15
Q

Gamma haemolysis organisms

A

Enterococcus faecalis (Strep D)

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16
Q

What diseases does Strep pyogenes most commonly cause?

A

Strep throat
Rheumatic fever
Acute glomerular nephritis
Scarlet fever

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17
Q

What diseases does Strep viridans most commonly cause?

A

Endocarditis- post dental treatment

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18
Q

What diseases does Enterococcus faecalis most commonly cause?

A

It’s a harmless commensal- but can cause intra-abdominal infections if it gets into the peritoneum.

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19
Q

What organisms usually cause bacterial meningitis in newborns

A

Strep B

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20
Q

What are the two most common organisms that cause bacterial meningitis is adults and children?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Strep pneumoniae

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21
Q

Gram positive clusters

A

Staphlococci

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22
Q

Test for Staphlococci?

A

Coagulase test

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23
Q

Positive coagulase Staph

A

Staph Aureus

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24
Q

Negative coagulase Staph

A

Staff epidermidis

Skin commensals

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25
What does Methicillin-resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA) produce?
Panton valentine leucocidin | This causes necrolytic skin infections
26
Gram positive bacilli (rods) organisms?
``` Clostiridium difficile Bacillus cereus Listeria monocytogenes Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula Others ```
27
What toxins does C. difficile release?
Enterotoxin A Cytotoxin B When stressed- spores that can withstand extreme conditions
28
How are the investigations for C. difficile?
Stool culture | Bacterial DNA/ toxin
29
What are the four antibiotics that lead to C. difficile
Ciprofloxacin Co-amoxiclav Clindamycin Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone)
30
How does one catch bacillus cereus?
From eating reheated rice
31
Gram negative cocci organisms?
Neisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Both of these present as diplococci
32
Gra negative coccobacillus (half cocci, half cocci)
Haemophilus influenzae Chlamydia Trochomatis Bordetella pertussis
33
What does bordetella pertussis most commonly cause?
Pertussis- i.e. "whooping cough" in children
34
Gram negative bacilli (rods) organisms?
``` Pseudomonas Escherichia coli Klebsiella Shigella Proteus (vulgaris, mirabilis, penneri) Enterobacter Citrobacter Salmonella ```
35
What the shit type of E. coli to get?
E. coli 0157
36
What does E. coli 0157 produce?
Verotoxin (VTEC)
37
Gram negative helical shaped organisms?
Campylobacter
38
Want to know a fun fact about co-amoxiclav?
It treats basically everything apart from Pseudomonas and MRSA
39
Name some gut commensals
E. coli Klebsiella Proteus
40
Name some gut pathogens
E. coli 0157 Shigella Salmonella
41
Organism associated with chest infections and pidgeons/parrots as pets
Chlamydophila psittaci
42
Organism associated with dry cough and diarrhoea, with a background of holiday abroad + contact with foreign water
Legionella pneumophila
43
Red jelly sputum
Klebsiella pneumoniae
44
Rusty sputum
Pneumococcal pneumonia
45
What's another name for Strep pneumoniae
Pneumococcal
46
Chest infection associated with keeping sheep
Coxiella burnetti
47
What type of gram stain do chlamydiae organisms (Chlamydophila psittaci) have?
They are obligate intracellular parasites but have a similar wall to gram negatives
48
What type of gram stain does Legionella pneumophila have?
Gram negative
49
What type of gram stain does Coxiella burnetti have?
Gram negative
50
What organism is associated with eating beef and BBQs
E. coli
51
What organism is associated with bakeries / cream cakes?
Staph Aureus (because it enters the cake products from the hands of the workers)
52
What are the most common organisms that cause early prosthetic valve endocarditis (< 2 months)?
S. epidermidis 28.1% S. aureus 18.8% S. viridans 3.1%
53
What are the most common organisms that cause late prosthetic valve endocarditis (> 2 months)?
S. epidermidis 20.4% S. aureus 19.4% S. viridans 15.7%
54
What are the most common organisms that cause native valve infective endocarditis?
Acute: Staph Aureus Subacute: Staph Viridans, Enterococcus faecalis Others: Staph Epidermidis
55
What are the most common valves affected in infective endocarditis?
Tricuspid 50% Mitral 20% Aortic 20%
56
A common pneumonia from drunk people aspirating?
Klebsiella
57
Most common causes of meningitis?
Pneumococcus (Strep pneumoniae) | Meningococcus (Neisseria meningitidis)
58
Most common cause of meningitis >60 years old?
Listeria monocytogenes
59
Most common causes of encephalitis?
Herpes simplex
60
Most common causes of epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococci
61
Most common cause of tonsillitis?
Strep pyogenes
62
Most common cause of sinusitis?
Pneumococcus
63
Most common causes of acute otitis media?
Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae
64
Most common causes of Mild/Moderate Community Acquired Pneumonia?
Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae
65
Most common causes of Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia?
Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae And possible coliforms and atypicals such as Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Coxiella. Staph Aureus is common post influenza
66
Most common causes of COPD exacerbation?
Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae
67
Most common causes of Hospital Acquired Pneumonia?
Pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenzae and coliforms. Legionella can be hospital acquired.
68
Most common causes of peritonitis/ biliary tract sepsis?
Polymicrobial coliforms, anaerobes & enterococci
69
Most common causes of UTIs (male and female)?
Coliforms, Enterococci
70
What organisms cause "Farmers lung"?
``` Aspergillus Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (bacteria) ``` Both often found in hay / mould Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula produces IgG antibodies> Type IV hypersensitivity
71
Where is Staph epidermidis most commonly found?
Skin and mucous membranes
72
Where is Staph aureus most commonly found?
Mainly nose and perineum
73
What toxins does Strep pyogenes produce?
Pyrogenic exotoxins (SpeB, SpeC)
74
What two organisms are associated with toxic shock?
Staph aureus | Strep pyogenes
75
Associated with catheters and instrumentation
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Drug revision (6 decks)

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