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RUSVM LAM II > Antibiotics in Food Animals > Flashcards

Antibiotics in Food Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Sulfonamides are time/concentration dependent

A

time dependent

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2
Q

sulfonamides are effective against ______

A

gram (+), gram (-) and some protozoa

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3
Q

organisms known to be resistant to sulfonamides

A

Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, and Enterococcus

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4
Q

T/F sulfonamides are bacteriostatic except potentiated sulfas which are bactericidal

A

True

additives increase strenght/effectiveness (i.e TMS)

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5
Q

where are sulfonamides distributed

A

wide distribution

joints via synovial fluid, CNS, prostate, urine etc - esp potentiated

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6
Q

T/F sulfonamides can be given to dairy cattle

A

False!

only sulfadimethoxine

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7
Q

T/F potentiated sulfas are used off label in calves and pigs

A

true

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8
Q

beta-lactams are time/concentration dependent

A

time dependent

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9
Q

beta lactams are bactericidal/static

A

bactericidal

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10
Q

what are some examples of beta lactams

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

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11
Q

what is the action of beta-lactams

A

bind penicillin-binding proteins

PBP-1 (panems) cause immediate cell lysis

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12
Q

T/F beta-lactams can be combines with a bacteristatic to increase efficacy

A

False!

Bacteria has to have 1 replication cycle for the beta-lactams to be cidal, combining with -statics make them useless

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13
Q

T/F penicillins generally need more time than cephalosporins

A

False

cephalosporins generally need more time than penicillins

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14
Q

______ require more exposure than ______

A

gram (-) require more exposure than gram (+)

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15
Q

how to organisms become resistant/avoid beta-lactams

A

production of beta-lactamase or alter PBP to prevent binding

3rd Generation Cephalosporins are usually unaffected by beta-lactamases

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16
Q

what is the spectrum of natural penecillins

A

gram (+), anaerobes, select gram (-): Listeria; and spirochetes

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17
Q

spectrum of aminopenicillins

A

more gram (-), some stains of E. coli and Salmonella

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18
Q

how does the spectrum of Cephalosporins differ from penicillins

A

similar but more gram (-) coverage as generation increases

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19
Q

T/F beta lactams have poor intracellular activity

A

True

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20
Q

what are some indications for tetracyclines

A

Anaplasma

wooden tongue (Actinobacillus)

lumpy jaw (Actinomycosis)

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21
Q

tetracyclines are ______ dependent

A

AUC/MIC dependent

AUC has to be about 120x MIC to be effective

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22
Q

what is the mechanism of tetracyclines

A

bind to 30s ribosomes, prevents protein synthesis

minimal affinity for mammalian ribosomes

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23
Q

routes of administration of tetracyclines

A

IV, IM, SQ, PO

poor ora absorption - except doxy

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24
Q

distribution of tetracycline

A

lipophillic (intracellular)

wide distribution (most tissues)

accumulate intracellularly, even leukocytes - posible anti-inflammatory effects

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25
how are tetracycline eliminated
60% via glomerular filtration 40% through feces
26
there is increasing concern about ________ with tetracyclines
**RESISTANCE!**
27
examples of aminoglycosides
neomycin and gentamicin
28
aminoglycocides are bacteristatic/cidal and are concentration/time dependent
bactericidal concentration dependent
29
aminoglycoside spectrum
primarily aerobic gram (-)
30
T/F aminoglycosides and tetracyclines are both lipid soluble and act on the 30s ribosome
**False!** *aminoglycosides are highly water soluble and poorly lipid soluble*
31
what is meant by post antibiotic effect see with aminoglycocides
accumulate in lysosomes and mitochondria ## Footnote *PAE - having effect in the desired area but no longer found in plasma at significant concentrations*
32
why is there a long withdrawel period with aminoglycosides
chemically attracted to phospholipids
33
what toxicities are seen with aminoglycosides
nephrotoxic ototoxic *these tissues have more phosphatidylinositol in their membranes than other body tissues (mainly gentamicin), this is also there is a concern about residue (kidney)*
34
T/F gentamicin is recommended for use in cattle
**FALSE!** *not labeled for cattle! Aminoglycosides are a zero tolerance drugs!*
35
what is the current withdrawel time for gentamicin in cattle
18 months per single injection for meat 5 days for milk following IV, IM or SQ
36
practictioners are stongly urged to refrain from using aminoglycosides in food animals except \_\_\_\_\_\_
neonatal pigs
37
what is thought to prevent bacterial inactivation of Florfenicol
fluorine at the 3' carbon position
38
T/F florenfenicol is always bacteriostatic by nature
**False** * blocks 50s ribsome, time dependent = static* * at peak concentrations = cidal; always cidal for Fusabacterium necroforum*
39
spectrum for florfenicol
broad gram (-) → espcially BRD pathogens some gram (+)
40
indications for florfenicol
BRD keratoconjunctivitis bovine interdigital phlegmon (aka foot rot)
41
distribution of florfenicol
lipid soluble, wide tissue distribution concentrates in tear film (pinkeye) CNS - H. somni (above MIC for 20hrs) diseased lung high urine concentrates mammary (mastitis)
42
is extra-label use of florfenicol permitted
yes ## Footnote * prolonged withdrawal for different than labeled production class* * (ex. IM dose in lactating dairy cow has 60 day withdrawal)*
43
examples of macrolides
Azalides = Azithromycin, Tulathromycin, Gamithromycin, and Tildipirosin
44
spectrum of macrolides
fairly broad gram (+) select gram (-) → BRD pathogens
45
Azalides have activity against \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mycoplasma
46
MOA of macrolides
inhibit protein synthesis by binding at 50s ribosomal subunit
47
why is there a possible antagonistic effect between macrolides and florfenicol
binding sites are close to each other
48
T/F tissue concentrations of macrolides are higher than serum concentrations
**True** *concentrate in cells more acidic than plasma, accumulate in lysosomes of leukocytes*
49
macrolides have good absorption through \_\_\_\_\_\_
the gut
50
lincosamides are primarily used in \_\_\_\_\_\_
swine ## Footnote *avoid in hindgut and foregut fermenters- clostridial overgrowth*
51
MOA of lincosamides
inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosome
52
lincosamides have essentially the same spectrum of activity as \_\_\_\_\_
macrolides
53
lincosamides are used to treat
Mycoplasma pneumonia bacterial arthritis caused by Strep, Erysipelothrix, or Mycoplasma
54
what common adverse effect is seen with lincosamides
swelling of the anus
55
what is a highly restricted class of antibiotic that ELDU is strictly forbidden with
fluoroguinolones
56
enrofloxacin is approved for use in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cattle swine
57
fluoroquinolones are bacteriostatic/cidal and time/concentration dependent
bactericidal concentration dependent
58
spectrum of fluoroquinolones
most gram (-) gram (+) variable susceptibilty - have higher MIC than gram (-)
59
MOA of fluoroguinolones
Inhibit bacterial DNA replication & transcription by binding the A subunit of DNA gyrase
60
like beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones should not be paired with a bacteriostatic anitbiotic
**False** *kill bacteria whether they are replicating or not*
61
distribution of fluoroquinolones
wide lipid soluble
62
what is the concern with use of fluoroquinolones in food animals
concern about transfer of resistance from animals to people
63
what are the bacteria of concern with fluoroquinolones
campylobacter salmonella typhimurium type DT-104
64
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RUSVM LAM II (2 decks)

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