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Ana Board Exam > Antibiotics and SSI'S > Flashcards

Antibiotics and SSI'S Flashcards

1
Q

SSI rates from Tobias:

A

Clean 2.0 – 4.8
Clean-contam 3.5 - 5.0
Contaminated 4.6 - 12.0
Dirty 6.7 – 18.1

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2
Q

Baker SA, Van-Balen J, Lu B, Hillier A, Hoet AE. Antimicrobial drug use in dogs prior to admission to a veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012 Jul 15;241(2):210–7.

A
  • 55.6 % of dogs admitted to Ohio State University had received antibiotics in the last 12 months
  • dogs who were referred were twice as likely to have received Abx than dogs who were not referred
  • B-lactams were the most common Abx to have received
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3
Q

Papich MG. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics and oral absorption of generic ciprofloxacin tablets in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2012 Jul;73(7):1085–91.

A
  • intro: unknown whether generic cipro has good oral absorption in dogs
  • intro: poor oral absorption in cats (25%) and horses (10%)
  • beagles given oral tabs, oral solution, and IV solution
  • results:
    • generic tab bioavailability ranged from 29-98% (variable)
    • absorption of liquid was more reliable
  • recommended dose based on these results = 25 mg/kg SID
    (but some dogs with this dose still won’t achieve enough absorption)
    (higher than previously recommended 5-15 mg/kg q 12)
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4
Q

Weese JS, Faires MC, Frank LA, Reynolds LM, Battisti A. Factors associated with methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infection in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012 Jun 15;240(12):1450–5.

A
  • Dogs with MRSP vs MSSP pyoderma, otitis, and SSI’s
  • significant association btwn recent (within 30 days) Abx treatment and MRSP infection
  • from disc: B-lactams and flouroquinolones are the ones that have been blamed for association with MRSP in previous studies
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5
Q

KuKanich KSK, Ghosh AA, Skarbek JVJ, Lothamer KMK, Zurek LL. Surveillance of bacterial contamination in small animal veterinary hospitals with special focus on antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits of enterococci. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012 Feb 15;240(4):437–45.

A
  • 10 small animal vet hospitals swabbed - 3 swabs q 4 mo (8 month period)
  • looking for enterics and enterococcus
  • cage, stethoscope, rectal thermometer, mouth gags
  • results: almost no enterics
    • enterococcus on cage doors, stethoscopes, thermometers
    • scrubbing mouth gags and then soaking in disinfectant seems to be effective
    • 53 % of enterococcus faecium were MDR
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6
Q

Hamilton E, Kaneene JB, May KJ, Kruger JM, Schall W, Beal MW, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp isolated from surfaces in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012 Jun 15;240(12):1463–73.

A
  • Lots of different surfaces at MSU swabbed over 3 years
  • E faecium increased resistance over the 3 year period
  • the scale was the most likely surface to isolate Staph and Enterococcus
  • cages and treatment area floors were also important
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7
Q

Mayhew PD, Freeman L, Kwan T, Brown DC. Comparison of surgical site infection rates in clean and clean-contaminated wounds in dogs and cats after minimally invasive versus open surgery: 179 cases (2007-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012 Jan 15;240(2):193–8.

A
  • open surgery vs MIS
  • clean and clean-contaminated procedures only!
  • Results:
    • MIS 1.7 %
    • Open surgery 5.5%
    • univariate analysis – significant difference
    • multivariate analysis – no difference – confounding factors
      • open group had longer surgeries
      • open group were more likely to be clipped before anesthesia
    • every 90 minutes of surgery doubled the risk of SSI
  • conclusion: this study unable to show decreased infection rate with MIS
  • humans: decreased infection rate has been shown with MIS
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8
Q

Cain CL, Morris DO, Rankin SC. Clinical characterization of Staphylococcus schleiferi infections and identification of risk factors for acquisition of oxacillin-resistant strains in dogs: 225 cases (2003-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011 Dec 15;239(12):1566–73.

A
  • Most of Staph schleiferi were from ears and skin
  • 50 % were oxacillin resistant
  • more likely to be oxacillin resistant if penicillin or cephalosporin were given before
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9
Q

Neihaus SA, Hathcock TL, Boothe DM, Goring RL. Presurgical antiseptic efficacy of chlorhexidine diacetate and providone-iodine in the canine preputial cavity. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2011 Nov;47(6):406–12.

A
  • povidone-iodine preputial flush no different than control (saline)
  • chlorhexidine worked and trend less adverse effects than iodine (mucosal erythema)
  • recommended: flush (6 times over 2 minutes) with 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate
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10
Q

Medl N, Guerrero TG, Hölzle L, Hassig M, Lochbrunner S, Montavon PM. Intraoperative Contamination of the Suction Tip in Clean Orthopedic Surgeries in Dogs and Cats. Vet Surg. 2011 Sep 28.

A
  • continuous suction vs intermittent suction vs control (suction tip distant on drapes)
  • overall suction tip contamination rate = 44 %
    • 68 % continuous
    • 20 % intermittent (not statistically different!)
  • no anaerobic bacteria were isolated
  • control tips more contamination rate than surgical tips, suggesting contamination is from airborne bacteria
  • surgical time had no impact – some tips contaminated at earliest time = 20 min
  • in humans recommended to change suction tip every 60 minutes and after reaming
  • from intro: another slew of vetmed infection rates, now from Eugster 2004:
    • overall: 3 %
    • clean: 2 %
    • clean-contam: 3.5 %
    • contaminated: 4.6 %
    • dirty: 6.7 %
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11
Q

Nelson LL. Surgical site infections in small animal surgery. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2011 Sep;41(5):1041–56, viii.

A
  • review
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12
Q

Verwilghen D, Grulke S, Kampf G. Presurgical hand antisepsis: concepts and current habits of veterinary surgeons. Vet Surg. 2011 Jul;40(5):515–21.

A
  • on-line survey of ACVS and ECVS diplomats

- most surgeons use chlorhex-based disinfectant soap/scrub

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13
Q

Thomas LA, Bizikova T, Minihan AC. In vitro elution and antibacterial activity of clindamycin, amikacin, and vancomycin from R-gel polymer. Vet Surg. 2011 Aug;40(6):774–80.

A
  • dextran polymer matrix (R-gel; Royer Animal Health), lasts 4-5 weeks
  • 2 formulations:
    • amikacin + clindamycin
    • amikacin + clindamycin + vancomycin
  • concentrations eluted over breakpoint MIC for 9 days, Staph was inhibited for all 10
  • conclusion: R-get is an effective carrier for at least 9-10 days
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14
Q

Watts AE, Nixon AJ, Papich MG, Sparks HD, Schwark WS. In vitro elution of amikacin and ticarcillin from a resorbable, self-setting, fiber reinforced calcium phosphate cement. Vet Surg. 2011 Jul;40(5):563–70.

A
  • FRCP beads (“Norian”-Synthes) resorbable (not tested yet but maybe around 6 mo)
  • with amikacin, ticarcillin-clavulinate, or both
  • “biphasic pattern of release” e.g. majority lost in first 24 hours from surface of bead
  • beads with either Abx were suitable carriers for elution (better than nonabsorbable beads
  • beads with combination of Abx were not! Inhibited eachother’s elution. Do not use even two types of beads together (discussion)
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15
Q

Baez LA, Langston C, Givaruangsawat S, McLaughlin R. Evaluation of in vitro serial antibiotic elution from meropenem-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads after ethylene oxide gas and autoclave sterilization. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2011;24(1):39–44.

A
  • meropenem is a carbopenem that is resistant to B-lactamase AND cephalosporinase
  • in PMMA beads, its elution stayed above “breakpoint sensitivity limit” for 15 days
  • ethylene oxide sterilization did not affect elution
  • autoclaving destroyed meropenem activity
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16
Q

Atilla A, Boothe HW, Tollett M, Duran S, Diaz DC, Sofge J, et al. In vitro elution of amikacin and vancomycin from impregnated plaster of Paris beads. Vet Surg. 2010 Aug;39(6):715–21.

A
  • plaster of paris is absorbable and osteoconductive
  • Amikacin does not work!
    • left POP beads so quickly that staph grew within 24 hours
    • when mixed with vancomycin, it decreased vancomycin’s efficacy
  • Vancomycin worked
    • steady release for 12 weeks, suppressed staph growth for 8 weeks
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17
Q

Burstiner LC, Faires M, Weese JS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in personnel attending a veterinary surgery conference. Vet Surg. 2010 Feb;39(2):150–7.

A
  • the prevalence of MRSA colonization among vets and techs at ACVS 2008 is much higher (17 %) than that reported in the general human population (about 1%)
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18
Q

Cohn LA, Middleton JR. A veterinary perspective on methicillin-resistant staphylococci. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2010 Feb;20(1):31–45.

A

-review

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19
Q

Boothe DM. Interpreting culture and susceptibility data in critical care: perks and pitfalls. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2010 Feb;20(1):110–31.

A

-review

20
Q

Shaheen BW, Boothe DM, Oyarzabal OA, Smaha T. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Clonal Relatedness of Canine and Feline Escherichia coli Pathogens Expressing Multidrug Resistance in the United States. J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Jan 25.

A
  • 376 isolates of E.coli submitted from dogs and cats all over the U.S.
  • 57% resistant to multiple Abx
  • Ampicillin was the most common resistance
21
Q

Kottler S, Middleton JR, Perry J, Weese JS, Cohn LA. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage in three populations. J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Jan 1;24(1):132–9.

A
  • MSSA (good staph) and MRSA searched for in three types of houses (people + pet)
    • nonhealthcare workers
    • vet healthcare workers
    • human healthcare workers
  • Results:
    • healthcare worker households didn’t have more MRSA than nonhealthcare
    • pets were not more likely than people to have MRSA
      • people with MRSA=5.6%; pets with MRSA=3.4%
    • people and pets hardly ever (
22
Q

Frey TN, Hoelzler MG, Scavelli TD, Fulcher RP, Bastian RP. Risk factors for surgical site infection-inflammation in dogs undergoing surgery for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament: 902 cases (2005-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010 Jan 1;236(1):88–94.

A
  • 808 dogs with CrCL surgery (extracapsular suture & TPLO) - retrospective
  • Overall SSI rate 6.1 %
    • extracapsular suture 4.2 %
    • TPLO 8.4 %
  • Factors associated with lower infection rate:
    • not using skin staples
    • postop Abx
23
Q

Seelig U, Klopfleisch R, Weingart C, Walther B, Luebke-Becker A, Brunnberg L. Septic polyarthritis caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2010;23(1):71–3.

A
  • case report, 14 month GSD, euthanized
24
Q

Osteomyelitis
Rabillard M, Souchu L, Niebauer GW, Gauthier O. Haematogenous osteomyelitis: clinical presentation and outcome in three dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2011;24(2):146–50.

A
  • 3 cases ( 4 month – 6 yo) – ilial wing, lumbar vertebra, multiple long bones
  • mostly anaerobes, 1 Strep in a dog that had had an abscess at a distant site
  • 2 cases survived – debridement and 6 weeks Abx (clindamycin + cephalexin)
  • hard to distinguish from primary bone tumor
    • humans: penumbra sign on MRI (ring of hyperintensity on pre T1-W image)
    • humans: C-reactive protein
25
Q

Ting D, Petersen SW, Déjardin LM. Bone transport osteogenesis for treatment of canine osteomyelitis. A report of two cases. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2010;23(2):134–40.

A
  • extensive debridement and sequestrectomy in 2 dogs left large gaps which were treated with bone transport osteogenesis
  • one dog got doxycycline (C&S guided - Proteus) and another Clavamox (also C&S)
26
Q

Faires MCM, Tater KCK, Weese JSJ. An investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in people and pets in the same household with an infected person or infected pet. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Sep 1;235(5):540–3.

A
  • The same strains were sometimes isolated from people and pets in the same households
  • conclusion: suggests that interspecies transmission of MRSA is possible
27
Q

Weese JS, Faires M, Brisson BA, Slavic D. Infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius masquerading as cefoxitin susceptible in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Nov 1;235(9):1064–6.

A
  • labs use cefoxitin to see if Staph is methicillin resistant, but unlike S.aureus, S.pseudintermedius might not express its resistance gene when interacting with certain Abx in vitro
  • If a Staph. Pseudintermedius is MDR, suspect methicillin resistant (and all B-lactam resistant) even if MIC says otherwise
28
Q

Stenske KA, Bemis DA, Gillespie BE, D’Souza DH, Oliver SP, Draughon FA, et al. Comparison of clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia coli from healthy dogs and their owners. Am J Vet Res. 2009 Sep 1;70(9):1108–16.

A
  • do dogs and their owners share the same clones of E.coli?
  • within household dog-owner pair sharing was 9.3 %
  • across household sharing was 0.3 %
  • humans (both owners and non-owner control humans) had more MDR bugs than dogs
  • conclusion: some in-house sharing is possible – direct contact and/or environment
29
Q

Owen LJ, Gines JA, Knowles TG, Holt PE. Efficacy of adhesive incise drapes in preventing bacterial contamination of clean canine surgical wounds. Vet Surg. 2009 Aug 1;38(6):732–7.

A
  • measuring wound contamination in 100 dogs with clean surgeries (OVH or stifle)
  • 14 % overall contamination rate (staph)
  • no difference with or without incise drape (not ioban) (would take 1000 cases)
  • disc: Cochrane review for humans also shows no benefit
30
Q

Boothe DM, Boeckh A, Boothe HW. Evaluation of the distribution of enrofloxacin by circulating leukocytes to sites of inflammation in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2009 Jan 1;70(1):16–22.

A
  • WBCs were bathed in enrofloxacin and then injected into dogs, then measured in plasma, inflammation chambers, and control chambers
  • results: baytril was found in esf and wbcs of inflammation chambers, nowhere else
  • conclusion: WBC’s bring Baytril to site of inflammation
  • problem – baytril was not given orally
31
Q

Buriko Y, van Winkle TJ, Drobatz KJ, Rankin SC, Syring RS. Severe soft tissue infections in dogs: 47 cases (1996-2006). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2008 Dec 1;18(6):608–18.

A
  • SSTI’s (most with necrosis) without overt penetrating trauma 9 limbs and trunk)
  • 53 % mortality (47 % survival)
  • “Incidence of pre-existing conditions (immunomodulating diseases, blunt trauma, injections, clean surgical procedures) that could have contributed to development of SSTIs was 34%”
  • survivors were bigger and had signs of systemic fight-back – higher RR & WBC
  • nonsurvivors had higher lactate, BUN, AST, bili
  • early recognition and prompt surgical debridement are mainstays of Tx
    • (time from admission to surgery did not make difference statistically)
  • polymicrobial infections are common – broad spectrum antibiotics
32
Q

Six R, Cleaver DM, Lindeman CJ, Cherni J, Chesebrough R, Papp G, et al. Effectiveness and safety of cefovecin sodium, an extended-spectrum injectable cephalosporin, in the treatment of cats with abscesses and infected wounds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009 Jan 1;234(1):81–7.

A
  • Convenia 8 mgkg SC once
  • it was as effective at treating abscesses & wounds as cefadroxil (Cefa-drops) SID
  • it was safe
33
Q

Six RR, Cherni JJ, Chesebrough RR, Cleaver DD, Lindeman CJC, Papp GG, et al. Efficacy and safety of cefovecin in treating bacterial folliculitis, abscesses, or infected wounds in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008 Aug 1;233(3):433–9.

A
  • Convenia 8 mg/kg SC once – can repeat once in 14 days
  • it was as effective at treating folliculitis, abscess, wounds as cefadroxil (cefa-tabs) BID
  • it was safe
34
Q

Vince KJ, Lascelles BDX, Mathews KG, Altier C, Roe SC. Evaluation of wraps covering the distal aspect of pelvic limbs for prevention of bacterial strike-through in an ex vivo canine model. Vet Surg. 2008 Jun 1;37(4):406–11.

A
  • cadaveric study simulating stifle surgery – investigating coverage of the foot
  • Vetrap and Coban (human vetrap – sterile) do not prevent bacterial strike-through
  • Vetrap and impermeable layer (latex glove or UltraGard drape) prevented strike-thru
35
Q

McLean CL, Ness MG. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a veterinary orthopaedic referral hospital: staff nasal colonisation and incidence of clinical cases. J Small Anim Pract. 2008 Apr;49(4):170–7.

A
  • British clinic
  • Intro: veterinary staff are at increased risk of MRSA colonization ( 6.5 – 18 % vs 1.5 % in general population) and show it to patients
  • the surgeon with MRSA colonization had a higher rate of infections in his/her patients then the other vet (16% vs 3.5 %) but not significant and also harder surgeries with implants
  • conclusion: colonized vets or staff do not present a significant threat to their patients
36
Q

Weese JS. A review of multidrug resistant surgical site infections. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008 Jan 1;21(1):1–7

A
  • MRSA strains have an altered penicillin-binding protein
    • resistant to all b-lactams – they should not be used even if MIC says you can
    • don’t use flouroquinolones because in vitro susceptibility can lie
    • MRSI/MRSP (same thing) treated the same but less concern about zoonosis
  • Enterococci are resistant to cephalosporins regardless of in vitro results
    • same might be true for TMS
    • try ampicillin + aminoglycoside, even if in vitro says low amino susceptibility
  • Enterics get B-lactam resistance by breaking the B-lactam ring (B-lactamase)
37
Q

Weese JS. A review of post-operative infections in veterinary orthopaedic surgery. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008 Jan 1;21(2):99–105.

A
  • classification of SSI’s (superficial incisional, deep incisional, organ/space)
  • SSI within 30 day of surgery or within 1 year of implant
  • “Flash” sterilization must never be used for implants
  • infection rates in vet med from Vasseur 1988 (n=1100)
    • clean: 2.5 %
    • clean-contam: 4.5 %
    • contaminated: 5.8 %
    • dirty: 18.1 %
  • infection rates in vet med from THRs: 1.3 – 10 %
  • infection rates in vet med from cruciate surgeries: 2.6 – 3.6 %
  • infection rates in vet med from clean orthopedic procedures: 7.1 %
  • overall infection rates in vet med: 5.9 %
  • overall infection rates in vet med for clean surgery: 4.5 %
38
Q

Gibson JS, Morton JM, Cobbold RN, Sidjabat HE, Filippich LJ, Trott DJ. Multidrug-resistant E. coli and enterobacter extraintestinal infection in 37 dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2008 Jan 1;22(4):844–50.

A
  • 37 dogs in Australian clinic with MDR E.coli or enterobacter somewhere
  • 60% were UTI’s
  • Might be risk factors for acquiring MDR infections (no control group):
    • Predisposing disease condition
    • any prior antimicrobial use (rather than a specific class of antimicrobial)
    • duration of hospitalization
    • surgical procedure
  • even though bugs MIC showed resistance to Clavamox, many dogs recovered with Clavamox treatment (12.5 – 25 mg/kg q 12 for 20-30 days)
39
Q

Landmark – Brown DC, et al. Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats. JAVMA 1997

A
  • 1547 wounds in 1255 dogs & cats (no mention of ortho surgeries)
  • SSI definition: purulent discharge within 14 days (probably no implants)
  • Infection rates:
    • overall: 5.5%
    • clean: 4.7 %
    • clean-contam: 5.0 %
    • contaminated: 12.0 %
    • dirty: 10.1%
  • regarding use of antibiotics for CLEAN surgeries:
    • no Abx: 4.4%
    • only periop Abx: 2.2 % (not different from no Abx)
    • postop Abx: 6.3%
    • only postop Abx: 8.2 % (significantly higher than no Abx)
  • Other risk factors:
    • shaving for induction = 3 x risk. (didn’t matter whether > 4 hrs or < 4 hrs)
    • Surgical time
      • 90 min sx twice the risk of a 60 minute sx
      • from disc: in human med every hour doubles risk
  • not significant:
    • age, endocrinopathy, infection elsewhere, overweight, hypotension
40
Q

Necrotising Fasciitis
Csiszer AB, Towle HA, Daly CM. Successful treatment of necrotizing fasciitis in the hind limb of a great dane. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2010 Oct;46(6):433–8.

A
  • case report 5 mo Great Dane, no hx of trauma, ultrasound fluid pockets
  • B-hemolytic Streptococcus sp.
  • disc: recommended tx = penicillin + aminoglycoside + clindamycin
    • not enrofloxacin (might increase resistance of strep)
41
Q

Kulendra E, Corr S. Necrotising fasciitis with sub-periosteal Streptococcus canis infection in two puppies. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2008 Jan 1;21(5):474–7.

A
  • 3 month old and 5 month old puppy, mild, nonpenetrating trauma
  • painful hard swelling on thigh
  • ultrasound pockets – subperiosteal!
  • Streptococcus canis (hematogenous infection of bruised area? “Both dogs were teething”)
  • one dog lost leg the other kept it
  • the successful case was treated with clavamox and metronidazole
42
Q

Nosocomial UTI’s

Olby NJ, MacKillop E, Cerda-Gonzalez S, Moore S, Muñana KR, Grafinger M, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in dogs after surgery for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. J Vet Intern Med. 2010 Aug;24(5):1106–11.

A
  • 25 dogs nonambulatory at sx, most regained motor & voluntary urination during study
  • Urinalysis at some point during visit, cultures at 1 and 3 months
  • 38 % dogs DEVELOPED UTI’s in the 3 months (no UTI’s during initial visit)
  • high prevalence despite fact that most dogs walking by 1 month
  • 60 % of UTI’s were occult (no pyuria on UA)
  • conclusion: even walking peeing dogs should have urine culture for 3 months postop
  • trend toward risk factors for UTI: Dachshunds, females, plegic @ presentation, nonambulatory @ 3 mo
43
Q

Sullivan LA, Campbell VL, Onuma SC. Evaluation of open versus closed urine collection systems and development of nosocomial bacteriuria in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010 Jul 15;237(2):187–90.

A
  • low incidence of nosocomial UTI (about 10 %) IF catheters are short term (median 2 days) and IF you follow UCD protocol, regardless of whether you replace IV bag (“open system”) or use commercial bag (“closed system”)
  • UCD protocol involves thorough cleaning of line & five flushes of prepuce/vulva every 8 hours or whenever catheter is visibly soiled
44
Q

Bubenik L, Hosgood G. Urinary tract infection in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation and urinary bladder dysfunction managed by manual expression, indwelling catheterization or intermittent catheterization. Vet Surg. 2008 Dec 1;37(8):791–800.

A
  • 62 dogs with TL IVDD randomized into manual expression, indwelling cath, or intermittent cath
  • 21% overall UTI rate
  • almost 50% of bugs had some resistance
  • duration of bladder management affected risk of UTI, not method
  • each day increased risk 1.5 x
  • took longer for dogs with indwelling caths to be recognized as peeing on their own
  • suggest removing catheters within 4 days of surgery
45
Q

Barrett M, Campbell VL. Aerobic bacterial culture of used intravenous fluid bags intended for use as urine collection reservoirs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2008 Jan 1;44(1):2–4.

A
  • Used IV fluid bags (IV line left in & tied, or IV spike removed and sterile 1 ml syringe)
  • stored for 0-17 days
  • 95 bags cultured – none grew any bacteria
  • conclusion: used IV bags stored for < 17 days can be used as urine collection bags
46
Q

Landmark - Bubenik LJ, Hosgood GL, Waldron DR, Snow LA. Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with urinary tract infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Sep 15;231(6):893–9.

A
  • whether a dog has IVDD or some other reason for catheter doesn’t change UTI risk
  • overall UTI rate: 48 %
  • risk factors:
    • each year increase in age – 20 % increased risk
    • each day of catheterization – 27 % increased risk
    • antimicrobial administration – 454 % increased risk (retrospective study)

Ana Board Exam (2 decks)

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