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Pharmaceuticals > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

How many classes of antibiotics are there?

A

There are eleven classes of antibiotics.

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2
Q

Mechanism of action for Penicillin?

A

Mechanism of action for penicillin is to kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls.

FYI - Human cells do not have cell walls.

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3
Q

Is penicillin safe?

A

Penicillin is the safest class of antibiotic but the bacteria become resistant to it.

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4
Q

What is penicillin used for?

A

Penicillin is used to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Most commonly used for ear infections, pneumonia, STDs, and UTIs.

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5
Q

What are the adverse effects of penicillin?

A

The most common adverse effects of penicillin include: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, superinfections, sore mouth, furry tongue.

FYI - superinfection caused by normal body flora being killed off but the infectious bacteria surviving and taking over.

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6
Q

What cautious use needed with penicillin?

A

Penicillin is extensively excreted by the kidneys so it must be used with caution with patient’s with severe renal disease.

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7
Q

What is the treatment for overdose of penicillin?

A

There is no specific treatment for an overdose of penicillin.

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cephalosporins?

A

The mechanism of action for cephalosporins in the inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

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9
Q

What is the prototype drug for Cephalosporins?

A

The prototype drug for Cephalosporins is Cefazolin (Ancef/Kefzol).

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10
Q

What is Cefazolin used for?

A

Cefazolin (a cephalosporin) is a beta-lactam antibiotic used for the treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial infections.

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11
Q

What is pharmacological class of drug is Cefazolin?

A

Cefazolin is a cephalosporin.

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12
Q

What is the prototype drug for Penicillin?

A

The prototype for Penicillin is Penicillin G.

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13
Q

What are the 11 types of antibiotics?

A

The 11 types of antibiotics are:

  1. Penicillin
  2. Cephalosporin
  3. Tetracycline
  4. Macrolide
  5. Aminoglycoside
  6. Fluoroquinolone
  7. Sulfonamide
  8. Glycopeptide
  9. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Disruptors
  10. Anti-pseudomonal
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14
Q

What is a prophylactic?

A

A prophylactic helps prevent disease.

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15
Q

What the most common adverse effects of Cefazolin?

A

The most common adverse effects of Cefazolin are rash and diarrhea. Superinfections are likely if used for a prolonged period of time.

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16
Q

What are the contraindications of Cefazolin?

A

The contraindications of Cefazolin include: cross sensitivity with penicillin. If you are allergic to one you are likely to be allergic to the other.

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17
Q

What drug drug interaction should be avoided with Cefazolin?

A

Antacids should be avoided when using Cefazolin.

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18
Q

What lab results should be monitored while taking Cefazolin?

A

When using Cefazolin, lab results should be taken and monitored for signs of kidney damage.

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19
Q

What is the treatment for an overdose of Cefazolin?

A

There is no specific treatment for an overdose of Cefazolin.

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Tetracycline?

A

The mechanism of action for Tetracycline is that it is effective against a broad range of gram negative and gram positive organisms. Replication of the bacteria is prohibited.

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21
Q

What are the adverse effects of Tetracycline?

A

Adverse effects of tetracycline are nausea, vomiting, GI issues, damage to bones and teeth.

22
Q

What type of antibiotic is Tetracycline?

A

Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic. It is effective on a broad spectrum of bacterium.

23
Q

How should you administer Tetracycline?

A

Tetracycline should be administered with a full glass of water to decrease esophageal and GI irritation.

24
Q

What possible effect does Tetracycline have on birth control?

A

Tetracycline can interfere with the effectiveness of birth control medications.

25
Q

What lab results should be monitored for Tetracycline?

A

Lab results indicating liver function should be monitored.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action for a macrolide?

A

A macrolide inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome preventing the bacteria from replicating.

27
Q

What are macrolide antibiotics used for?

A

Macrolides are effective for the treatment of respiratory, skin, GI, and STD infections.

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of Macrolides?

A

Macrolide adverse effects include: nausea, abdominal cramping and vomiting, diarrhea, superinfections.

29
Q

What is a concern related to macrolides?

A

A concern about using macrolides is that there are resistant strains of bacteria that macrolides are not effective in treating.

30
Q

What is the prototype drug for macrolides?

A

The macrolide prototype drug is Erythromycin.

31
Q

How is Erythromycin inactivated?

A

Erythromycin is inactivated by stomach acid. They are usually coated, acid-resistant tablets or capsules that dissolve in the small intestine.

32
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of Erythromycin?

A

Erythromycin most frequently causes nausea, abdominal cramping and vomiting.

33
Q

What drug interaction with Erythromycin must be identified and pointed out to a patient?

A

Erythromycin may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

34
Q

Does Erythromycin has many drug drug interactions?

A

Yes, Erythromycin has many different drug interactions.

35
Q

What should you always monitor when using Erythromycin?

A

You should always monitor for drug toxicity when using Erythromycin.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Aminoglycosides?

A

The mechanism of action for aminoglycosides in inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It deters bacteria replication.

37
Q

How toxic is Aminoglycoside?

A

Aminoglycoside is the most toxic antibiotic and has serious side effects.

38
Q

What is the primary use of Aminoglycosides?

A

The primary use of Aminoglycosides is the treatment of serious systemic infections. Often used to treat nosocomial infections.

39
Q

What adverse effects may occur when using Aminoglycoside?

A

Aminoglycoside is more toxic than any other antibiotic and can lead to serious systemic adverse effects.

40
Q

What is Gentamicin?

A

Gentamicin is the prototype drug of Aminoglycosides.

41
Q

How can Gentamicin not be used?

A

Gentamicin can not be absorbed via the oral route.

42
Q

What administrative alerts are there for Gentamicin?

A

Gentamicin should be held when peak serum level lies above the normal range of 5 to 10 mcg/mL

43
Q

What is the therapeutic range of Gentamicin?

A

The therapeutic range of Gentamicin is from 5 to 10 mcg/mL It has a VERY narrow therapeutic range and must be monitored diligently. It can be very toxic.

44
Q

What are the most significant adverse effects of Gentamicin?

A

Gentamicin may cause ototoxicity, neurotoxicity, and/or nephrotoxicity.

45
Q

How does Gentamicin neurotoxicity manifest?

A

Neurotoxicity may manifest itself as ototoxicity and produce a loss of hearing or balance. Hearing loss can become permanent with continued use.

Neurotoxicity risks is higher in patients with impaired renal function.

46
Q

What are the signs of ototoxicity?

A

Ototoxicity can manifest as tinnitus, vertigo, persistent headaches.

47
Q

What are non-specific signs of neurotoxicity?

A

Non-specific signs of neurotoxicity include: paresthesia (tingling, prickliness, numbness), muscle twitching, and seizures.

48
Q

What should be avoided when taking Gentamicin?

A

Concurrent use of other neurotoxic drugs should be avoided while taking Gentamicin.

49
Q

What are the dangers of nephrotoxicity when taking Gentamicin?

A

Dangers of nephrotoxicity when taking Gentamicin include: patients with pre-existing kidney disease, it may limit pharmacotherapy.

Concurrent use with other nephrotoxic drugs should be avoided.

50
Q

What lab results should be monitored closely when taking Gentamicin?

A

When taking Gentamicin, lab results that may reveal reduced kidney function should be monitored closely. These include: Elevated BUN and creatinine levels. Other signs of reduced kidney function may include: oliguria, proteinuria.

51
Q

What are the contraindications of Gentamicin?

A

The contraindications of Gentamicin include: hearing loss, renal disease, and liver disease.

Pharmaceuticals (1 decks)

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