Antibiotics

Question 1

What are the classification for antibiotics, spectrum and action?

Answer 1

Action: Bacteriostatic and bactericidal Spectrum: Broad and narrow

Question 2

What antibiotic types are bacteriostatic?

Answer 2

Sulphonamides, Trimethoprim, Macrolides, Tetracyclines and Chloramphenicol

Some try meth then cocain

Question 3

What antibiotics are bactericidal?

Answer 3

Penicillin’s, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones and Metronidazole

poor anal causes queezing men

Question 4

What antibiotic is a cell wall inhibitor?

Answer 4

Beta-lactams eg: penicillin’s

Question 5

What are all protein synthesis inhibitors apart from aminoglycosides?

Answer 5

bacteriostatic

Question 6

What are Carbapenems?

Answer 6

belong to beta-lactams, broad spectrum eg: meropenem, imipenem

Question 7

What are the antibacterial agents?

Answer 7

1. b-lactam antibiotics (inhibit cell wall synthesis) 2. Agents affecting bacterial protein synthesis eg: tetracyclines 3. Agents that interfere with the synthesis/action of folate (nucleic acid synthesis) 4. Agents affecting topoisomerase (nucleic acid synthesis) 5. Antimycobacterial agents eg: isoniazid, rifampicin 6. New antibacterial drugs eg: linezolid

Question 8

tell me a bit about penicillin’s

Answer 8

belong to b-lactams group Narrow spectrum: oxacillin G+ broad: piperacillin G+ G- Mode of action: bind to penicillin-binding proteins and destruction of bacterial cell wall pseudomonas can cause adverse reactions such as hypersensitivity.

Question 9

What do you know about cephalosporins?

Answer 9

belong to b-lactams group mode of action: same as penicillin

Question 10

What is a Macrolide?

Answer 10

Contains a large macrolide ring

MoA: inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosome subunit and inhibiting pepdidyl transferase; bacteriostatic

Spectrum: G+ and G_, atypical bacteria (intracellular)

Question 11

What is a tetracycline?

Answer 11

Composed of 4 rings

MoA: inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribsosome subunit and stopping mRNA ; bacteriostatic

Spectrum: G+ and G-, atypical bacteria, spirochaetes, malaria

Adverse reactions: GI upset, teeth staining, photosensitivity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Question 12

What is an Aminoglycoside?

Answer 12

Derives from bacteria

MOA: inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosome subuinit and misreading mRNA; bacteriocidal

Spectrum: Pseudomonas, special sesitivity, intestinal paracites, TB, multidrug resistant organisms

Adverse reactions: nephrotoxicity, ototoxity, prolong neuromusclular blockade.

Question 13

What are Chloramphenicol - mostly typical

Answer 13

Derived from bacteria

MoA: inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosome subuint and inhibiting peptide bond formation; bacteriostatic

Spectrum: Broad G+ or G-

Adverse reactions: bone marrow toxicity, neurotoxicity, grey baby syndrome

Question 14

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

Answer 14

Quinolones: Nalidixic acid

end in -floxacin

MoA:ininit DNA replication by binding to topisomerase 11 (G-) and IV (G+); bacteriocidal

spectrum#; G-, less G+ and naerobes, sometimes pseudomonas, atypical bacteria

Adverse reactions: not to children (arthralgia and swelling), tendon rupture

Question 15

What are Glycopeptides?

Answer 15

ends in -vancin

MoA: Inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan precursor units and stopping peptidoglycan synthesis; bacterocidal

Spectrum: ONLY G+, C.diff, MRSA

Question 16

What are Trimethoprim/sulfonamides?

Answer 16

Inhibits of folate synthesis

Starts in sulfa- or ends in prim-

MoA: sulphonamides inhibit first reaction of folte synthesis and trimethoprim inhibits the last stage; together they rae bacteriocidal.

Sectrum: G+ and G-, toxoplasma, Nocardia, Pneumocystis jirovecii

Adverse reactions: precipation in urine, photosensitivity, hypersenitivity, stevens-johnson syndrome, blood cells toxicity.

Question 17

What is Metronidazole?

Answer 17

An imidazole, a prodrug

MoA: the prodrug is reducing by anaerobic bacteria to free radicls which damage the bacterial DNA

Spectrum: anaerobes (both G+ and G-), C.diff and protozoa

Adverse reactions: metallic taste, CNS toxicity, rarely hepatotoxicity, neutropenia

Question 18

What are the 10 useful antibiotic tips?

Answer 18

1. All cell wall inhinitors are Beta-lactams except Vancomycin and Glycopeptides
2. All penicillins are water soluable except nafcillin

All protein synthesis inhibitors are bacteriostatic acept for aminoglycosides

4. All cocci are G+ except Neisseria and Moraxella
5. All bacilli are G- except anthrax, tetanus, botulism and diptheria.
6. All spirochaetes are G-
7. Tetracyclines and macrolides and are used for intracellular (atypical) bacteria
8. Beware pregnant women and tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, fluroquinolones and sulfonamides.
9. Antibiotics beigning with ‘c’ are associated with pseudomembranous colitis.
10. Penicillins are most famous for causing allergies.

Question 20

What are the 4 types of bacteria

Answer 20

Atypical, G+, G-, anaerobes

Question 21

What are examples of the 4 types of bacteria?

Answer 21

G+ = Skin and respiratory, streptococcus and staphylococcus

G- = GI, respiratory and urinary, pseudomonas

Atypical = respiratory and urinary - clyamindia

anaerobes = mouth throat large intestine.

Question 22

What is Co.Amoxiclav?

Answer 22

Includes= Amoxicillin and Clavulanate - which is a betalactamase inhibitor to stop bacteria breaking down the amoxicillin with betalactamase.

Question 23

What antibiotic will treat MRSA?

Answer 23

Vancomycin kill G+ Only

Question 24

What is a combination treatment that will treat hospital and ventilator acquired pneumonia?

what is the second drug that’s not the antibiotic

Answer 24

Piperacillin with Tazobactam

tazobactam = betalactamase inhibitor