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Jack 2a > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the bacteria do beta lactams target?

A

Cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis

All have a beta lactam ring

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2
Q

Would beta lactams be more effective against gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Why?

A

Beta lactams work on gram positive bacteria better

Gram positive have a large peptidoglycan layer and rely on it more for pathogenecity.
Furthermore beta lactams need to diffuse through the bacterial cell wall and the outer membrane on gram negative bacteria slightly inhibits this.

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3
Q

What 3 types of antibiotics impair nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones
Rifampins
Metronidazole

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4
Q

What part of the bacteria do macrolides target?

Can you name 4 other molecules which target here?

A

The ribosome

Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Lincosamides
Chloramphenicols

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5
Q

What part of the bacteria do sulphonamides and Trimethoprim target?

A

Intracellular metabolic pathways (follate synthesis)

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6
Q

What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

What mathmatical ration and value defines a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

Preventing the growth of bacteria

Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) : Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) <4

bactericidal means killing, inhibitory means stop growth.

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7
Q

Is MIC and MBC dependent on clinical condition or fixed?

A

Depends on clinical conditions

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8
Q

What is
1. time dependent killing
2.concentration killing
antibiotics?

A

For time dependent, it is important that serum concentrations remain above the MIC for a set time to kill.
For concentration dependent it is how high the concentration reaches, not how long it stays up for

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9
Q

Name 4 TDK antibiotics and 2 CDK antibiotics

A

4TDK: All beta-lactams, clindamycin, macrolides, oxazolidinones
2CDK: aminoglycosides and quinolones

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10
Q

Describe 4 mechanisms why antibiotics might not work

A
  1. Bacteria changes antibiotic target
  2. Bacteria destorys antibiotic
  3. The bacteria prevent antibiotic access
  4. The bacteria remove the antibiotic from inside it
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11
Q

What are three reasons why bacteria are resistant to drugs?

A

Naturally resistance

Acquired resistance: spontaneous gene mutation or horizontal gene transfer

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12
Q

How is MRSA resistant to penicillins? What antibiotic could be used in its place?

A

It has developed a different penicillin binding protein (PBPsa) making it resistant to all beta lactams

Instead you could give glycopeptides

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13
Q

Other than MRSA, name another gram positive antibacterial resistant bacteria?

A

VRE - Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

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14
Q

Through what mechanism have some gram negative bacterias become resistant to beta lactams?

A

They express beta lactamase

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15
Q

In Co-Amoxiclav, what does amoxicillin and clavulanate do?

A

Amoxicillin is a beta lactam

Clavulanate is a beta lactamase inhibitor

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16
Q

What is a Carbapenem?

A

Another antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis

17
Q

What kind of drugs are amoxicillin, pipericillin and flucloxacillin?

Need 2 answers

A

Pencillins and beta lactams

18
Q

How do cephalosporins (cefalexin) work?

A

Another type of beta lactams

19
Q

How do monobactams work?

A

Another type of beta lactams

20
Q

How, specifically do beta lactams work?

A

They irrevisibly bind covalently to penicillin binding proteins, preventing the production of new and maintaining current peptidoglycan

21
Q

Why might we administer a cephalosporin, and how does it work?

A

Good to administer if patient has penicillin allergy, they also work better on more resistant bugs

22
Q

Describe the process of chosing an antibiotic for a gram positive bacteria

A

Do a gram stain to identify whether gram positive and if coccus or bacillus.

Figure out its catalase status

Determine lancefield grouping

23
Q

Name 2 glycopeptides

What bacteria do these work best in?

A

Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

Gram positive only, commonly used against MRSA

24
Q

What types of antibiotic are Clarithromycin and erythromycin?

A

Macrolides - inhibit ribosomes/protein syntehsis

25
Q

What type of antibiotic is clindamycin?

A

Lincosamides

26
Q

Which antibitocs work best against gram positives?

A

Macrolides
Lincosamides
Tetracyclines
All beta lactams

27
Q

How do aminoglycosides work? Give an example and are they for gram positive or negative?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis, gentamicin

Gram negatives, but also used against staphs. Commonly used to treat endocarditiis and UTI

28
Q

How do quinolones work?

Give an example

A

Ciprofloxacin

They inhibit DNA synthesis

Jack 2a (8 decks)

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