Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Antibiotics > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two broad modes of action of antibiotics?

A

Bacteriostatic: stop bacteria growing
Bactericidial: kill the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When might you choose a bactericidal antibiotic over and bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

If the patient is immunosuppressed then halting the growth of the bacteria to allow for the immune response would be ineffective as there is no immune response to fight the bacteria
OR
If time is of the essence and you can’t afford to wait for the immune system to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which category of antibiotics stops the growth of bacteria buying time for the immune systems response?

A

Bacteriostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

You would want to give an antibiotic with which mode of action to a patient who is immunosuppressed?

A

Bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give two examples of infections when time pressures mean you should administer bactericidal antibiotics?

A

Meningitis

Sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

An endotoxin is a toxin within a bacterial cell that is released when the cell disintegrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a exotoxin?

A

A toxin released from a living bacterial cell into its surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are three main targets of antibiotics?

A

The cell wall
Ribosomes
DNA synthesis and damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What classes of antibiotics target the cell wall of bacterial cells?

A

Beta-lactams:
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What classes of antibiotics target the ribosomes of bacterial cells?

A

Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What classes of antibiotics target the DNA synthesis of bacterial cells and cause DNA damage?

A

Fluroquinolones/quiolones

Metronidazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What other antibiotics can be dangerous to those with a penicillin allergy, and why?

A

Cephalosporin, monobactams, carbapenems.

Because of their similar chemical structure, they all contain a beta-lactam ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is beta-lactamase?

A

Beta-lactamase destroys beta lactam antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which antibiotics are susceptible to beta-lactamase?

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, because they all contain a beta-lactam ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic that targets a specific group of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When would you use a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

When you know the causative agent of an infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic that kills a range of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When would you use a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

When you don’t know the causative agent of the infection and you need to act quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is moving from a broad spectrum antibiotic to a narrow spectrum antibiotic called?

A

De-escalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why do you want to de-escalate (move from a broad spectrum antibiotic to a narrow spectrum of antibiotic) quickly?

A

To prevent killing beneficial gut flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do beta-lactam antibiotics do?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What class of antibiotics are penicillins?

A

Beta lactam antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the postfix for penicillin antibiotics?

A

-cillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name three narrow spectrum penicillins

A

Cloxacillin
Oxacillin
Nafcillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name two aminopenicillins
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
26
What is co-amoxiclav?
Amoxicillin + calvulanic acid (a beta lactamase inhibitor)
27
Name two broad spectrum antibiotics
Piperacillin | Ticarcillin
28
Do you treat MRSA with flucloxacillin?
No MRSA is resistant to flucloxacillin
29
What do you use to treat MRSA?
Vancomycin Unless it is V-MRSA (vancomycin resistant MRSA) in which case you use Teicoplanin
30
What class of antibiotics are cephalosporins?
Beta lactam antibiotics
31
What is the prefix of cephalosporins?
Ceph- or cef-
32
Name the first generation cephalosporin
Cephalexin
33
Name the two second generation cephalosporins
Cefaclor | Cefuroxime
34
Name the third generation cephalosporin
Ceftazidime
35
Name the fourth generation cephalosporin
Cefepime
36
How does the coverage of gram positive bacteria by cephalosporins change over the generations?
High coverage for first generation Decreases for second generation Decreases again for third generation Increases for fourth generation
37
How does the coverage for gram negative bacteria by cephalosporins change over the generations?
Low for first generation Increases for second generation Increases again for third And again for fourth
38
What are the levels of resistance across the generation of cephalosporins?
Resistance decreases across the generations
39
What is the mode of action for cephalosporins?
Binds to binding proteins and destroy the bacterial cell wall
40
What microorganisms do narrow spectrum penicillins cover?
Gram positive bacteria
41
What microorganisms do broad spectrum penicillins cover?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and anaerobes
42
What are the potential side effects of penicillin use?
Hypersensitivity (rash, or rarely anaphylaxis)
43
What microorganisms do first generation cephalosporins cover?
Gram positive bacteria
44
What microorganisms do second generation cephalosporins cover?
Gram positive bacteria, some gram negative bacteria, and anaerobes
45
What microorganisms do fourth generation cephalosporins cover?
Gram positive bacteria, and gram negative bacteria, and anaerobes
46
What are potential side effects of cephalosporin use?
Hypersensitivity, pseudo membranous colitis, bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity
47
What is psuedomembranous colitis?
Swelling or inflammation of the large bowel due to overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile
48
What is nephrotoxicity?
Toxicity in the kidneys
49
Give four examples of tetracyclines
Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline
50
What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?
They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosome subunit and stopping tRNA interaction Tetracyclines and bacteriostatic
51
What are some possible side effects from tetracycline use?
GI upset, teeth staining, photosensitivity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
52
What microorganisms are covered by tetracyclines?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, atypical bacteria, spirochaetes, malaria
53
What is a spirochete?
A group of spiral shaped bacteria that include syphilis, yaws, Lyme disease and leptospirosis
54
Give three examples of macrolides
Erythromycin Azithromycin Clarithromycin
55
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the t0s subunit and inhibiting pepdidyl transferase They are bacteriostatic
56
What microorganisms are covered by macrolides
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria | Atypical (intercellular) bacteria
57
What are some potential side effects of taking macrolides?
Hepatotoxicity, GI upset
58
Which penicillin is not water soluble?
Nafcillin
59
Which spriochaetes are gram negative?
All spirochaetes are gram negative
60
Which cocci are gram positive?
All cocci are gram positive (except neisseria and moraxella)
61
Which bacilli are gram negative?
All bacilli are gram negative (except anthrax, tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria bugs)
62
Which antibiotics are used for intercellular bugs?
Tetracyclines and macrolides
63
What is tazocin/pip-taz?
Piperacillin + tazobactam (a beta lactamase inhibitor)
64
Why is teicoplanin a restricted drug?
Teicoplanin is the last line of defence against vancomycin resistant MRSA
65
What do pseudomonas do to antibiotics?
Pseudomonas break down antibiotics and feed on them
66
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?
Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 39s ribosome subunit and misreading mRNA Aminoglycosides are bactericidal
67
What microorganisms are covered by aminoglycosides?
Gram negative bacteria, pseudomonas, intestinal parasites, TB, multidrug resistant organisms
68
What is the postfix of aminoglycosides?
-micin or -mycin | Antibiotics ending in -thromycin are not aminoglycosides
69
Give an example of a quinolone
Nalidixic acid
70
Give an example of a fluroquinolone
Ciprofloxacin
71
What is the mode of action of quinolone and fluoroquinolones?
Quinolone/fluroquinolones inhibit DNA replication by binding to topoisomerase w in gram negative bacteria or to Iv in gram positive bacteria They are bactericidal
72
Should you use quinolone/fluoroquinolones in children?
Their use in children is limited as it can lead to arthralgia and swelling
73
Give three examples of glycopeptides
Vancomycin Teicoplanin Telavancin
74
What is the mode of action of glycopeptides?
Glycopeptides inhibit cell synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan precursor subunits and stopping peptidoglycan synthesis Glycopeptides are bactericidal
75
What microorganisms are covered by glycopeptides?
Only gram positive bacteria MRSA and C. Diff
76
What are some potential side effects of glycopeptide use?
Red man syndrome Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Neutropenia
77
What is red man syndrome?
An anaphylactoid reaction caused by rapid infusion of vancomycin that consists of a pruritic erthyematous rash to face, neck, and upper torso, and sometime the extremities to a lesser extent
78
What is the mode of action of metronidazole?
The prodrug is reduce by anaerobic bacteria to free radical which damage the bacterial DNA
79
What are some potential side effects of metronidazole use?
Metallic taste CNS toxicity Rarely hepatotoxicity neutropenia
80
When might you choose a bactericidal antibiotic over and bacteriostatic antibiotic?
If the patient is immunosuppressed then halting the growth of the bacteria to allow for the immune response would be ineffective as there is no immune response to fight the bacteria OR If time is of the essence and you can’t afford to wait for the immune system to respond
81
Which category of antibiotics stops the growth of bacteria buying time for the immune systems response?
Bacteriostatic
82
You would want to give an antibiotic with which mode of action to a patient who is immunosuppressed?
Bactericidal
83
Give two examples of infections when time pressures mean you should administer bactericidal antibiotics?
Meningitis | Sepsis
84
What is an endotoxin?
An endotoxin is a toxin within a bacterial cell that is released when the cell disintegrates
85
What is a exotoxin?
A toxin released from a living bacterial cell into its surroundings
86
What are three main targets of antibiotics?
The cell wall Ribosomes DNA synthesis and damage
87
What classes of antibiotics target the cell wall of bacterial cells?
Beta-lactams: Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems
88
What classes of antibiotics target the ribosomes of bacterial cells?
Tetracyclines Macrolides Aminoglycosides
89
What classes of antibiotics target the DNA synthesis of bacterial cells and cause DNA damage?
Fluroquinolones/quiolones | Metronidazole
90
What other antibiotics can be dangerous to those with a penicillin allergy, and why?
Cephalosporin, monobactams, carbapenems. | Because of their similar chemical structure, they all contain a beta-lactam ring
91
What is beta-lactamase?
Beta-lactamase destroys beta lactam antibiotics
92
Which antibiotics are susceptible to beta-lactamase?
Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams, because they all contain a beta-lactam ring
93
What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?
An antibiotic that targets a specific group of bacteria
94
When would you use a narrow spectrum antibiotic?
When you know the causative agent of an infection
95
What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?
An antibiotic that kills a range of bacteria
96
When would you use a broad spectrum antibiotic?
When you don’t know the causative agent of the infection and you need to act quickly
97
What is moving from a broad spectrum antibiotic to a narrow spectrum antibiotic called?
De-escalation
98
Why do you want to de-escalate (move from a broad spectrum antibiotic to a narrow spectrum of antibiotic) quickly?
To prevent killing beneficial gut flora
99
What do beta-lactam antibiotics do?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
100
What class of antibiotics are penicillins?
Beta lactam antibiotics
101
What is the postfix for penicillin antibiotics?
-cillin
102
Name three narrow spectrum penicillins
Cloxacillin Oxacillin Nafcillin
103
Name two aminopenicillins
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
104
What is co-amoxiclav?
Amoxicillin + calvulanic acid (a beta lactamase inhibitor)
105
Name two broad spectrum antibiotics
Piperacillin | Ticarcillin
106
Do you treat MRSA with flucloxacillin?
No MRSA is resistant to flucloxacillin
107
What do you use to treat MRSA?
Vancomycin Unless it is V-MRSA (vancomycin resistant MRSA) in which case you use Teicoplanin
108
What class of antibiotics are cephalosporins?
Beta lactam antibiotics
109
What is the prefix of cephalosporins?
Ceph- or cef-
110
Name the first generation cephalosporin
Cephalexin
111
Name the two second generation cephalosporins
Cefaclor | Cefuroxime
112
Name the third generation cephalosporin
Ceftazidime
113
Name the fourth generation cephalosporin
Cefepime
114
How does the coverage of gram positive bacteria by cephalosporins change over the generations?
High coverage for first generation Decreases for second generation Decreases again for third generation Increases for fourth generation
115
How does the coverage for gram negative bacteria by cephalosporins change over the generations?
Low for first generation Increases for second generation Increases again for third And again for fourth
116
What are the levels of resistance across the generation of cephalosporins?
Resistance decreases across the generations
117
What is the mode of action for cephalosporins?
Binds to binding proteins and destroy the bacterial cell wall
118
What microorganisms do narrow spectrum penicillins cover?
Gram positive bacteria
119
What microorganisms do broad spectrum penicillins cover?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and anaerobes
120
What are the potential side effects of penicillin use?
Hypersensitivity (rash, or rarely anaphylaxis)
121
What microorganisms do first generation cephalosporins cover?
Gram positive bacteria
122
What microorganisms do second generation cephalosporins cover?
Gram positive bacteria, some gram negative bacteria, and anaerobes
123
What microorganisms do fourth generation cephalosporins cover?
Gram positive bacteria, and gram negative bacteria, and anaerobes
124
What are potential side effects of cephalosporin use?
Hypersensitivity, pseudo membranous colitis, bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity
125
What is psuedomembranous colitis?
Swelling or inflammation of the large bowel due to overgrowth of Clostridioides difficile
126
What is nephrotoxicity?
Toxicity in the kidneys
127
Give four examples of tetracyclines
Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, demeclocycline
128
What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?
They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30s ribosome subunit and stopping tRNA interaction Tetracyclines and bacteriostatic
129
What are some possible side effects from tetracycline use?
GI upset, teeth staining, photosensitivity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
130
What microorganisms are covered by tetracyclines?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, atypical bacteria, spirochaetes, malaria
131
What is a spirochete?
A group of spiral shaped bacteria that include syphilis, yaws, Lyme disease and leptospirosis
132
Give three examples of macrolides
Erythromycin Azithromycin Clarithromycin
133
What is the mode of action of macrolides?
They inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the t0s subunit and inhibiting pepdidyl transferase They are bacteriostatic
134
What microorganisms are covered by macrolides
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria | Atypical (intercellular) bacteria
135
What are some potential side effects of taking macrolides?
Hepatotoxicity, GI upset
136
Which penicillin is not water soluble?
Nafcillin
137
Which spriochaetes are gram negative?
All spirochaetes are gram negative
138
Which cocci are gram positive?
All cocci are gram positive (except neisseria and moraxella)
139
Which bacilli are gram negative?
All bacilli are gram negative (except anthrax, tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria bugs)
140
Which antibiotics are used for intercellular bugs?
Tetracyclines and macrolides
141
What is tazocin/pip-taz?
Piperacillin + tazobactam (a beta lactamase inhibitor)
142
Why is teicoplanin a restricted drug?
Teicoplanin is the last line of defence against vancomycin resistant MRSA
143
What do pseudomonas do to antibiotics?
Pseudomonas break down antibiotics and feed on them
144
What is the mode of action of aminoglycosides?
Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 39s ribosome subunit and misreading mRNA Aminoglycosides are bactericidal
145
What microorganisms are covered by aminoglycosides?
Gram negative bacteria, pseudomonas, intestinal parasites, TB, multidrug resistant organisms
146
What is the postfix of aminoglycosides?
-micin or -mycin | Antibiotics ending in -thromycin are not aminoglycosides
147
Give an example of a quinolone
Nalidixic acid
148
Give an example of a fluroquinolone
Ciprofloxacin
149
What is the mode of action of quinolone and fluoroquinolones?
Quinolone/fluroquinolones inhibit DNA replication by binding to topoisomerase w in gram negative bacteria or to Iv in gram positive bacteria They are bactericidal
150
Should you use quinolone/fluoroquinolones in children?
Their use in children is limited as it can lead to arthralgia and swelling
151
Give three examples of glycopeptides
Vancomycin Teicoplanin Telavancin
152
What is the mode of action of glycopeptides?
Glycopeptides inhibit cell synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan precursor subunits and stopping peptidoglycan synthesis Glycopeptides are bactericidal
153
What microorganisms are covered by glycopeptides?
Only gram positive bacteria MRSA and C. Diff
154
What are some potential side effects of glycopeptide use?
Red man syndrome Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Neutropenia
155
What is red man syndrome?
An anaphylactoid reaction caused by rapid infusion of vancomycin that consists of a pruritic erthyematous rash to face, neck, and upper torso, and sometime the extremities to a lesser extent
156
What is the mode of action of metronidazole?
The prodrug is reduce by anaerobic bacteria to free radical which damage the bacterial DNA
157
What are some potential side effects of metronidazole use?
Metallic taste CNS toxicity Rarely hepatotoxicity neutropenia

Antibiotics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions