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411 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 most common classes of Beta Lactams ?

A

penicillins
caphalosporins
carbapenems

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2
Q

What type of killing do B-lactams use ?

A

time dependent, bactericidal

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3
Q

What is the major resistance mechanism in gram positive organisms ?

A

alteration of penicillin binding protein (PBP)

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4
Q

What is the significance of efflux pumps ?

A

major resistance mechanism in all bacteria.

active transmembrane pump expels antibiotics.

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5
Q

What is a major cause of resistance in gram negative bacteria ?

A

B-lactamase

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6
Q

What are 2 B-lactamase inhibitors ?

A

pipercillin-tazobactam

amoxicillin-clavulanate

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7
Q

what are 4 main classes of B-lactamases?

A

penicillinases
extended spectrum B-lactamases (ESBLs)
cabapenamases
AmpC B-lactamases

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8
Q

5 AmpC B-lactamases

A 
Serratia 
Proteus/pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Citrobacter
Enterobacter
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9
Q

What drug class does methicillin belong to ?

A

anti-staph penicllins

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10
Q

What drug class does cloxacillin belong to ?

A

anti-staph penicillins

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11
Q

What drug class does amoxicillin belong to ?

A

amino penicillins

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12
Q

What drug class does ampicillin belong to ?

A

amino penicillins

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13
Q

What drug class does amoxicillin-clavulanate belong to ?

A

amino penicillins

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14
Q

What drug class does pipercillin-tazobactam belong to ?

A

amino penicillins

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15
Q

What drug class does cephalexin (PO) belong to ?

A

1st generation cephalosporins

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16
Q

What drug class does cefazolin (IV) belong to ?

A

1st generation cephalosporins

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17
Q

What drug class does cefuroxime (PO) belong to?

A

2nd generation cephalosporins

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18
Q

What drug class does cefixime (PO) belong to ?

A

3rd generation cephalosporins

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19
Q

What drug class does ceftriaxone (IV) belong to ?

A

3rd generation cephalosporins

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20
Q

What drug class does ceftazidime (IV) belong to ?

A

3rd generation cephalosporins

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21
Q

What drug class does cefepime (IV) belong to ?

A

4th generation cephalosporins

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22
Q

what drug class does ceftaroline belong to ?

A

5th generation cephalosporins

23
Q

what drug class does ceftolozane-tazobactam belong to ?

A

5th generation cephalosporins

24
Q

What drug class does ertapenem belong to ?

A

carbapenems

25
Q

What drug class does meropenem belong to ?

A

carbapenems

26
Q

What drug class does imipenem belong to ?

A

carbapenems

27
Q

penicillin classes from narrow to broad spectrum

A

penicillin –> anti-staph penicillins –> amino penicillins –> B-lactamase penicillins

28
Q

3 common uses for penicillin

A

group A strep
sensitive strep pneumoniae
syphllis (treponema pallidum)

29
Q

What is used to treat MSSA ?

A

cloxacillin

30
Q

What can be used to treat MRSA (7) ?

A

PO: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), linezolid, doxycycline, +/- clindamycin
IV: vancomycin, daptomycin, ceftaroline

31
Q

What are amino penicillins commonly used to treat (3) ?

A

streptococci (strep pneumoniae)
enterococcus faecalis
listeria (gastroenteritis, meningitis)

32
Q

amoxicillin-clavulanate and pipercillin-tazobactam common uses (3)

A

pneumonia
polymicrobial infections
emperic therapy for life threatning infections

33
Q

increasing spectrum of activity for cephaolsporins?

A

1st generation –> 5th generation

34
Q

main clinical uses for 1st generation cephalosporins (2)

A

skin and soft tissue infections

surgical prophylaxis

35
Q

main clinical uses of 2nd generation cephalosporings (2)

A

haemophalis influenzae

mild CAP

36
Q

main clinical uses of 3rd generation cephalosporins (6)

A 
gonorrhea
serious infections 
pneumonia 
meningitis 
pyelonephritis 
pseudomonas
37
Q

main clinical uses for 4th generation cephalosporins (2)

A

nosocomial infections

neutropenic fever

38
Q

main clinical uses for 5th generation cephalosporins (2)

A

serious MRSA infections (ceftaroline)

serious EBSL infections (ceftolozane-tazobactam)

39
Q

clinical use for carbapenems

A

severe life threatning infectionsin which ESBL pathogens are likely

40
Q

What causes of pneumonia can fluoroquinolones be used to treat ?

A

mycoplasma, chlamydophila, legionella

41
Q

Which fluroquinolone is best for treating pseudomonas?

A

ciprofloxacin

42
Q

which fluoroquinolone is best for treating anaerobes ?

A

moxifloxacin

43
Q

what drug class can be used to treat TB ?

A

fluroquinolones

44
Q

clinical uses for fluoroquinolones (4)?

A

pneumonia
UTI
GI infections
Pseudomonas

45
Q

2 common macrolides

A

clarithromycin

azithromycin

46
Q

3 common fluoroquinolones

A

moxifloxicin
levofloxacin
ciprofloxacin

47
Q

top clinical uses for macrolides (5)

A 
CAP 
URI 
skin infections 
STIs 
Pulmonary and disseminated MAC
48
Q

3 common tetracyclines

A

doxycycline
tetracycline
minocycline

49
Q

what drug class is used to treat plasmodium (malaria)?

A

tetracyclines

50
Q

tetracyclines can treat which atypical types of bacteria ?

A

bacteria without cell wall

intracellular bacteria

51
Q

what drugs can be used for pseudomonas ?

A 
PO: ciprofloxacin 
IV: pipercillin-tazobactam
ceftazidime 
cefepime
meropenem 
imipenem
52
Q

What drugs can be used for ESBL?

A

carbapenems

53
Q

What are the 4 main resistance mechanisms?

A

PBP alterations
B-lactamases
Efflux pumps
Porin membrane mutations

411 (16 decks)

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