Antibiotics Flashcards
What is an antimicrobial?
Produced by micro-organisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms in high dilution
Molecules that work by binding to a target site on a bacteria
What target sites do antimicrobials bind to?
Points of biochemical reaction crucial to survival or bacterium
Eg
- Penicillin binding proteins on cell wall
- Cell membrane
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Topoisomerase IV or DNA gyrase
Binding sites vary by antimicrobial class
What binding site do beta-lactams bind to and what is their action?
Cell wall
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Penicillin binding proteins
What binding site do glycopeptides bind to?
Cell wall
Inhibition of cell synthesis
Penicillin binding proteins
What are the 2 types of beta-lactams?
Cephalosporins
Penicillins
Name a penicillin
Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Ampicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Name a cephalosporin
Cefuroxime
Cefaclor
Ceftriaxome
How many generations of cephalosporins are there?
5
Name a glycopeptide antibiotic
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Bleomycin
What antibiotics interfere with nucleic acid synthesis or function?
Metronidazole
Rifampicin
What is the action of fluoroquinolones?
Inhibition of DNA gyrase
Name an example of a fluoroquinolone
Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Which antibiotics inhibit ribosomal activity and protein synthesis?
Aminogylcosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Which antibiotics inhibit folate synthesis and carbon unit metabolism?
Sulphonamides
Trimethoprim
Name an example of an aminoglycoside
Gentamicin
Streptomycin
Name an example of a tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tetracycline
Name an example of a macrolide
Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Name an example of a sulphonamide
Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole
What are beta lactams used to treat?
Gram positive and gram negative anaerobic bacteria
Mainly active against gram positive
What bacteria genus’ might penicillins be used to treat?
Streptococcus Staphylococcus Clostridium Neisseria Listeria
What do first generation cephalosporins treat?
Gram positive
Used for skin and soft tissue staphylococcus and streptococcus infections
What do second generation cephalosporins treat?
Gram negative anaerobes Neisseria gonorrhoea H influenzae Klebsiella E coli Streptococcus and staphylococcus (gram +ve)
Name a first generation cephalosporin
Cephalexin
Cefadroxil
Name a second generation cephalosporin
Cefaclor
Cefuroxime
What do third generation cephalosporins treat?
Less active against gram positive including streptococcus and staphylococcus Pseudomonas infections Skin and soft tissue Pneumonia UTIs Meningitis Gonorrhoea
Name a third generation cephalosporin
Cefixime
What do fourth generation cephalosporins treat?
Gram positive bacteria such as MRSA, penicillin resistant pneumococci
Viridans group strep
Name a fourth generation cephalosporin
Cefepime
What do fifth generation cephalosporins treat?
Resistant staph and strep species that are resistant to antibiotics
What are gylcopeptides used to treat?
MRSA
Enterococcal infections that are resistant to beta-lactams
What is metronidazole used to treat?
Anaerobic bacteria Intra-abdominal infection Gynaecological infections Septicaemia Endocarditis Bone and joint infections CNS infections Oral and dental infections Skin infections Eg bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease
What is rifampicin used to treat?
TB
Nasal and throat infections that could cause meningitis
What are fluoroquinolones used to treat?
Intracellular pathogens
Legionella
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Gram negative bacteria
What do aminoglycosides treat?
Gram negative bacilli
Staphylococci
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What do tetracyclines treat?
Chlamydiae Mycoplasma Protozoan Acne and skin infections Pneumonia Genital and UTIs H pylori
What do macrolides treat?
Gram positive bacteria
S pneumoniae
Respiratory tract and sift tissue infections
What is choramphenicol used to treat?
Conjunctivitis Meningitis Plague Cholera Typhoid
What are sulphonamides used to treat?
UTIs Bronchitis Eye infections Bacterial menigitis Pneumonia Ear infections
What is trimethoprim used to treat?
UTIs
What does nitrofurantoin treat?
UTIs
What do carbapenems treat?
Anaerobes
Type of beta lactam
Name a carbapenem
Meropenem
Name a beta-lactamase
Co-amoxiclav
