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Phase 2a medicine > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

Produced by micro-organisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other micro-organisms in high dilution
Molecules that work by binding to a target site on a bacteria

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2
Q

What target sites do antimicrobials bind to?

A

Points of biochemical reaction crucial to survival or bacterium
Eg
- Penicillin binding proteins on cell wall
- Cell membrane
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Topoisomerase IV or DNA gyrase
Binding sites vary by antimicrobial class

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3
Q

What binding site do beta-lactams bind to and what is their action?

A

Cell wall
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Penicillin binding proteins

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4
Q

What binding site do glycopeptides bind to?

A

Cell wall
Inhibition of cell synthesis
Penicillin binding proteins

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of beta-lactams?

A

Cephalosporins

Penicillins

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6
Q

Name a penicillin

A

Amoxicillin
Flucloxacillin
Ampicillin
Benzylpenicillin

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7
Q

Name a cephalosporin

A

Cefuroxime
Cefaclor
Ceftriaxome

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8
Q

How many generations of cephalosporins are there?

A

5

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9
Q

Name a glycopeptide antibiotic

A

Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Bleomycin

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10
Q

What antibiotics interfere with nucleic acid synthesis or function?

A

Metronidazole

Rifampicin

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11
Q

What is the action of fluoroquinolones?

A

Inhibition of DNA gyrase

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12
Q

Name an example of a fluoroquinolone

A

Ciprofloxacin

Levofloxacin

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13
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit ribosomal activity and protein synthesis?

A

Aminogylcosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol

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14
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit folate synthesis and carbon unit metabolism?

A

Sulphonamides

Trimethoprim

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15
Q

Name an example of an aminoglycoside

A

Gentamicin

Streptomycin

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16
Q

Name an example of a tetracycline

A

Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tetracycline

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17
Q

Name an example of a macrolide

A

Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin

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18
Q

Name an example of a sulphonamide

A

Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethizole
Sulfamethoxazole

19
Q

What are beta lactams used to treat?

A

Gram positive and gram negative anaerobic bacteria

Mainly active against gram positive

20
Q

What bacteria genus’ might penicillins be used to treat?

A 
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Clostridium
Neisseria
Listeria
21
Q

What do first generation cephalosporins treat?

A

Gram positive

Used for skin and soft tissue staphylococcus and streptococcus infections

22
Q

What do second generation cephalosporins treat?

A 
Gram negative anaerobes
Neisseria gonorrhoea
H influenzae
Klebsiella
E coli
Streptococcus and staphylococcus (gram +ve)
23
Q

Name a first generation cephalosporin

A

Cephalexin

Cefadroxil

24
Q

Name a second generation cephalosporin

A

Cefaclor

Cefuroxime

25
Q

What do third generation cephalosporins treat?

A 
Less active against gram positive including streptococcus and staphylococcus
Pseudomonas infections
Skin and soft tissue
Pneumonia
UTIs
Meningitis
Gonorrhoea
26
Q

Name a third generation cephalosporin

A

Cefixime

27
Q

What do fourth generation cephalosporins treat?

A

Gram positive bacteria such as MRSA, penicillin resistant pneumococci
Viridans group strep

28
Q

Name a fourth generation cephalosporin

A

Cefepime

29
Q

What do fifth generation cephalosporins treat?

A

Resistant staph and strep species that are resistant to antibiotics

30
Q

What are gylcopeptides used to treat?

A

MRSA

Enterococcal infections that are resistant to beta-lactams

31
Q

What is metronidazole used to treat?

A 
Anaerobic bacteria
Intra-abdominal infection
Gynaecological infections
Septicaemia
Endocarditis
Bone and joint infections
CNS infections
Oral and dental infections
Skin infections
Eg bacterial vaginosis and pelvic inflammatory disease
32
Q

What is rifampicin used to treat?

A

TB

Nasal and throat infections that could cause meningitis

33
Q

What are fluoroquinolones used to treat?

A

Intracellular pathogens
Legionella
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Gram negative bacteria

34
Q

What do aminoglycosides treat?

A

Gram negative bacilli
Staphylococci
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

35
Q

What do tetracyclines treat?

A 
Chlamydiae
Mycoplasma
Protozoan
Acne and skin infections
Pneumonia
Genital and UTIs
H pylori
36
Q

What do macrolides treat?

A

Gram positive bacteria
S pneumoniae
Respiratory tract and sift tissue infections

37
Q

What is choramphenicol used to treat?

A 
Conjunctivitis
Meningitis
Plague
Cholera
Typhoid
38
Q

What are sulphonamides used to treat?

A 
UTIs
Bronchitis
Eye infections
Bacterial menigitis
Pneumonia
Ear infections
39
Q

What is trimethoprim used to treat?

A

UTIs

40
Q

What does nitrofurantoin treat?

A

UTIs

41
Q

What do carbapenems treat?

A

Anaerobes

Type of beta lactam

42
Q

Name a carbapenem

A

Meropenem

43
Q

Name a beta-lactamase

A

Co-amoxiclav

Phase 2a medicine (13 decks)

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