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NCLEX Pharm > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

Examples

A 
Aminoglycosides
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones 
Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Amtimycobacterials
Other
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2
Q

Aminoglycoside Examples

A 
amikacin
gentamycin
neomycin
streptomycin
tobramycin
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3
Q

Carbapenem Examples

A

doripenem
ertapenem
imipenem-cilastatin
meropenem

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4
Q

Cephalosporin Examples

A

first generation
cefadroxil
cephalexin

second generation
cefaclor
cefoxtin
cefprozil
cefuroxime
third generation
cefdinir
cefpodoxime
ceftazidime
ceftibuten
ceftizoxime
ceftriaxone

fourth generation
cefditoren
cefepime
ceftaroline

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5
Q

Fluoroquinolone Examples

A 
ciprofloxacin
finafloxacin
femifloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin
ofloxacin
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6
Q

Penecillins and Penicillinase-Resistand Antibiotic Examples

A 
penicillins
penicillin G benzathine
penicillin G potassium
penicillin G procaine
penicillin V

extended-spectrum penicillins
amoxicillin
ampicillin

penicillinase-resistant antibiotics
nafcillin
oxacillin

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7
Q

Sulfonamide Examples

A

cotrimoxazole
sulfadiazine
sulfasalazine

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8
Q

Tetracycline Examples

A

demeclocyline
doxyclycine
minocycline
tetracycline

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9
Q

Antimycobacterial Examples

A 
capreomycin
cycloserine
ethambutol
ethionamide
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
rifampin
rifapentine
streptomycin
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10
Q

Other Antibiotic Examples

A 
telithromycin
clindamycin
lincomycin
dalbavancin
oritavancin
televancin
azithromycin
larithromycin
erythromycin
linezolid
tedizolid
aztreonam
daptomycin
fidaxomicin
quinupristin/dalfopristin
rifaximin
tigecycline
clavulacin acid
thalidomide
sulbactam
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11
Q

Aminoglycosides Contraindications and Cautions

A 
known allergy
renal or hepatic disease
preexisting hearing loss
active infection with herpes or mycobacterial infections
myasthenia gravis or parkinsonism
lactation
pregnancy
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity - amikacin
streptomycin very toxic to eighth cranial nerve and kidneys
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12
Q

Aminoglycosides Adverse Effects

A 
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity - black box
vestibular paralysis
confusion
depression
numbness, tingling
weakness
renal toxicity, renal failure
bone marrow depression
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
weight loss
stomatitis
GI irritation, hepatic toxicity
superinfection
palpitations
hypotension, hypertension
hypersensitivity reactions
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13
Q

Aminoglycosides Interactions

A

penicillins, cephalosporins - synergistic bactericidal effect
potent diuretics - increases effects of ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity
anesthetics, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers, succinylcholine, cirate anticoagulated blood - increased neuromuscular blockade with paralysis

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14
Q

Carbapenems Contraindications and Cautions

A 
known allergy
seizure disorders
meningitis
pregnancy
kidney toxicity
<18 years old - ertapenem
pseudomembranous colitis - meropenem. use with caution in pts with inflammatory bowel disorders
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15
Q

Carbapenems Adverse Effects

A

toxic effects on GI tract
pseudomembranous colitis
clostridium difficile diarrhea
nausea, vomiting - dehydration & electrolyte imbalances
superinfections
headaceh, dissiness, altered mental state
seizures when combined with other drugs

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16
Q

Carbapenems Interactions

A

valporic acid - increased risk for seizures

meropenem with probeneid can lead to toxic levels of meropenem

17
Q

Cephalosporins Contraindications and Cautions

A

allergy to cephalosporin or penicillins
hepatic/renal impairment
pregnant/lactating

18
Q

Cephalosporins Adverse Effects

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, flatulence
pseudomembranous colitis
headache, dizziness, lethargy, paresthesias
nephrotoxicity
superinfection
phlebitis with IV administration
local abscess with IM injection

19
Q

Cephalosporins Interactions

A

amnoglcosides - increase risk for nephrotoxicity
oral anticoagulants - increased bleeding
alcohol - disulfiram-like reaction (flushing, throbbing headache, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, sycope, vertigo, blurred vision, cardiovascular collapse (extreme), convulsions (extreme), death (extreme)

20
Q

Fluoroquinolones Contraindications and Cautions

A 
known allergy
pregnant/lactating
renal dysfunction
seizures (exacerbated)
lesions in developing cartilage (do not use in younger than 18)
21
Q

Fluoroquinolones Adverse Effect

A

headache, dizziness, insomnia, depression related to possible effects on the CNS membranes
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth
BLACK BOX - risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture
bone marrow depression
fever, rash, photosensitivity

22
Q

Fluoroquinolones Interactions

A

iron salts, sucralfate, mineral supplements, or antacids - decreased therapeutic effect of the antibiotic (administer 4 hrs apart if necessary)
quinidine, procainamide, amiodarone, sotalol, erythromycin, terfenadine, pentamidine, tricyclics, phenothiazines - severe cardiac reactions
theophylline - increased theophylline levels
NSAIDs - increased risk of CNS stimulation
corticosteroids - increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture

23
Q

Penicillins Contraindications and Cautions

A

allergy to penicillins or cephalosporins
renal disease
pregnant/lactating (only when necessary)

24
Q

Penicillins Adverse Effects

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore mouth, furry tongue
superinfection
pain and inflammation at injection site
hypersensitivity - rash, fever, wheezing, anaphylaxis (repeated exposure)

25
Q

Penicillins Interactions

A

tetracyclines - decrease in effectiveness of penicillins

parenteral forms with parenteral aminoglycosides - inactivations of aminoglycosides

26
Q

Sulfonamides Contraindications and Causes

A

known allergy to sulfonamide, sulfonylureas, or thiazide diuretics
lactation
renal disease of history of kidney stones
elderly - increased incidence of CNS effects and safety issues

27
Q

Sulfonamides Adverse Effects

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, stomatitis, hepatic injury
crystalluria, hematuria, proteinuria - progress to nephrotic syndrome and possible tozic nephrosis
headache, dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, convulsions, depression
bone marrow depression
photosensitivity, rash
wide range of hypersensitivity reactions

28
Q

Sulfonamides Interactions

A

tolbutaminde, tolzamide, glyburide, glipizide, chlorpropamide - risk of hypoglycemia
cyclosporine - risk of nephrotoxicity rises

29
Q

Tetracycline Contraindications and Causes

A

known allergy to tetracyclines or tartrazine
pregnancy/lactation
fungal, mycobacterial, or viral ocular infections
children under 8 - damage developing bones and teeth

30
Q

Tetracycline Adverse Effects

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, glossitis, dysphagia
fatal hepatotoxicity
damage to teeth and bones
photosensitivity, rash
superinfection (including yeast)
pain and stinging with topical or ocular application (fairly common)
hemolytic anemia, bone marrow depression
hypersensitivity reactions range from urticaria to anaphylaxis, including intracranial hypertension

31
Q

Tetracycline Interactions

A

penicillin G - effectiveness of penicillin G decreases
oral contraceptives - effectiveness of contraceptives decrease
digoxin - toxicity
oral combinations with calcium salts, magnesium salts, zinc salts, aluminum salts, bismuth salts, iron, urinary alkalinizers, charcoal - decreased absorption of tetracyclines
empty stomach

NCLEX Pharm (40 decks)

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