Antibiotics Flashcards
Examples
Aminoglycosides Carbapenems Cephalosporins Fluoroquinolones Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Amtimycobacterials Other
Aminoglycoside Examples
amikacin gentamycin neomycin streptomycin tobramycin
Carbapenem Examples
doripenem
ertapenem
imipenem-cilastatin
meropenem
Cephalosporin Examples
first generation
cefadroxil
cephalexin
second generation cefaclor cefoxtin cefprozil cefuroxime
third generation cefdinir cefpodoxime ceftazidime ceftibuten ceftizoxime ceftriaxone
fourth generation
cefditoren
cefepime
ceftaroline
Fluoroquinolone Examples
ciprofloxacin finafloxacin femifloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin ofloxacin
Penecillins and Penicillinase-Resistand Antibiotic Examples
penicillins penicillin G benzathine penicillin G potassium penicillin G procaine penicillin V
extended-spectrum penicillins
amoxicillin
ampicillin
penicillinase-resistant antibiotics
nafcillin
oxacillin
Sulfonamide Examples
cotrimoxazole
sulfadiazine
sulfasalazine
Tetracycline Examples
demeclocyline
doxyclycine
minocycline
tetracycline
Antimycobacterial Examples
capreomycin cycloserine ethambutol ethionamide isoniazid pyrazinamide rifampin rifapentine streptomycin
Other Antibiotic Examples
telithromycin clindamycin lincomycin dalbavancin oritavancin televancin azithromycin larithromycin erythromycin linezolid tedizolid aztreonam daptomycin fidaxomicin quinupristin/dalfopristin rifaximin tigecycline clavulacin acid thalidomide sulbactam
Aminoglycosides Contraindications and Cautions
known allergy renal or hepatic disease preexisting hearing loss active infection with herpes or mycobacterial infections myasthenia gravis or parkinsonism lactation pregnancy nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity - amikacin streptomycin very toxic to eighth cranial nerve and kidneys
Aminoglycosides Adverse Effects
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity - black box vestibular paralysis confusion depression numbness, tingling weakness renal toxicity, renal failure bone marrow depression nausea, vomiting, diarrhea weight loss stomatitis GI irritation, hepatic toxicity superinfection palpitations hypotension, hypertension hypersensitivity reactions
Aminoglycosides Interactions
penicillins, cephalosporins - synergistic bactericidal effect
potent diuretics - increases effects of ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity
anesthetics, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers, succinylcholine, cirate anticoagulated blood - increased neuromuscular blockade with paralysis
Carbapenems Contraindications and Cautions
known allergy seizure disorders meningitis pregnancy kidney toxicity <18 years old - ertapenem pseudomembranous colitis - meropenem. use with caution in pts with inflammatory bowel disorders
Carbapenems Adverse Effects
toxic effects on GI tract
pseudomembranous colitis
clostridium difficile diarrhea
nausea, vomiting - dehydration & electrolyte imbalances
superinfections
headaceh, dissiness, altered mental state
seizures when combined with other drugs
Carbapenems Interactions
valporic acid - increased risk for seizures
meropenem with probeneid can lead to toxic levels of meropenem
Cephalosporins Contraindications and Cautions
allergy to cephalosporin or penicillins
hepatic/renal impairment
pregnant/lactating
Cephalosporins Adverse Effects
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, flatulence
pseudomembranous colitis
headache, dizziness, lethargy, paresthesias
nephrotoxicity
superinfection
phlebitis with IV administration
local abscess with IM injection
Cephalosporins Interactions
amnoglcosides - increase risk for nephrotoxicity
oral anticoagulants - increased bleeding
alcohol - disulfiram-like reaction (flushing, throbbing headache, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, sycope, vertigo, blurred vision, cardiovascular collapse (extreme), convulsions (extreme), death (extreme)
Fluoroquinolones Contraindications and Cautions
known allergy pregnant/lactating renal dysfunction seizures (exacerbated) lesions in developing cartilage (do not use in younger than 18)
Fluoroquinolones Adverse Effect
headache, dizziness, insomnia, depression related to possible effects on the CNS membranes
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth
BLACK BOX - risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture
bone marrow depression
fever, rash, photosensitivity
Fluoroquinolones Interactions
iron salts, sucralfate, mineral supplements, or antacids - decreased therapeutic effect of the antibiotic (administer 4 hrs apart if necessary)
quinidine, procainamide, amiodarone, sotalol, erythromycin, terfenadine, pentamidine, tricyclics, phenothiazines - severe cardiac reactions
theophylline - increased theophylline levels
NSAIDs - increased risk of CNS stimulation
corticosteroids - increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture
Penicillins Contraindications and Cautions
allergy to penicillins or cephalosporins
renal disease
pregnant/lactating (only when necessary)
Penicillins Adverse Effects
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, glossitis, stomatitis, gastritis, sore mouth, furry tongue
superinfection
pain and inflammation at injection site
hypersensitivity - rash, fever, wheezing, anaphylaxis (repeated exposure)
