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SAIM Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What antibiotics are cell wall inhibitors? (5)

A

1) Penicillins
2) Cephalosporins
3) Monobactams
4) Carbapenems
5) Glycopeptides

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action for beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Target and inhibit penicillin-binding protein, which are enzymes found anchored in cell membrane and are involved in linking of bacterial cell wall, to disrupt the cell wall synthesis

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance in beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Beta lactamase

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4
Q

What is the specific side effect of pencillin and cephalosporin antibiotics?

A

1) Hypersensitivity

2) GI side effects

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5
Q

What is spectrum of activity for penicillins?

A

1) Gram + aerobes
2) Anaerobes
3) Potentiation adds more gram -

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6
Q

Are cell wall inhibiting antibiotics cidal or static?

A

Bactericidal

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7
Q

What is an example of monobactam?

A

Aztreonam - synthetic beta lactam

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8
Q

What changes in spectrum do we see with increases in cephalosporin generation?

A

1) 1st = gram positive aerobes (Ex: cephalexin)
2) 2nd = gram +/- aerobes, anaerobes (Ex: cefoxitin)
3) 3rd = gram negative (Ex: ceftiofur)
4) 4th = gram negative, MDR

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9
Q

What is the spectrum of action of carbapenems?

A

Gram +/- aerobes and anaerobes

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor via prevention of amino acid addition to cell wall

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11
Q

What is the spectrum of action for vancomycin?

A

Gram + (MDR), anaerobes

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12
Q

What are example of nucleic acid inhibiting antibiotics? (4)

A

1) Fluoroquinolones
2) Nitroimidazole (i.e. metronidazole)
3) Rifamycin (i.e. rifampin)
4) Trimethoprim sulfa

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolone antibiotics?

A

Bind gyrase and topoisomerase-4 and stops DNA and protein synthesis

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance with fluoroquinolone antibiotics?

A

Gyrase mutations
Decreased membrane permeability
Drug efflux

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15
Q

What are side effects associated with fluoroquinolones?

A

1) CNS and retinal degeneration in cats

2) Cartilage toxicity in growing animals

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16
Q

Name all static antibiotics (5 classes)

A

1) Sulfonamide (potentiation w/ TMS becomes cidal)
2) Chloramphenicol
3) Macrolides
4) Lincosamides
5) Tetracyclines

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole (nitroimidazole)?

A

Removes electrons from transport chain, creating free radicals that damage DNA

18
Q

What is the side effects of vancomycin? (4)

A

1) Hypersensitivity
2) Renal toxicity
3) Ototoxicity
4) Bone marrow suppression

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of rifamycin (i.e. rifampin)?

A

Inhibits beta-subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis

20
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of rifampin and what is it used for?

A

1) Gram + (MDR Staph) and Strep
2) Alternative treatment for E. canis
3) In combo w/ antifungals

21
Q

What are the side effects of rifampin?

A

1) Red/orange urine
2) Hepatopathy
3) P450 enzyme induction

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of TMS?

A

Inhibit folic acid metabolism by blocking conversion of PABA to DFA and DFA to tetrafolic acid by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase = no folate = no purines = no DNA

23
Q

What is the spectrum of action of TMS?

A

Gram +/- aerobes

24
Q

What are the side effects of TMS?

A

1) KCS
2) Hypersensitivity
3) Hepatopathy - acute neutrophilic hepatitis with icterus
4) Immune-mediated disease
5) Hypothyroidism w/ long term therapy

25
Q

What antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors? (5)

A

1) Aminoglycosides
2) Chloramphenicol
3) Macrolides
4) Lincosamides
5) Tetracyclines

26
Q

Which antibiotics inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit? (2)

A

1) Aminoglycosides

2) Tetracycylines

27
Q

Which antibiotics inhibit 50s ribosomal subunit? (3)

A

1) Chloramphenicol
2) Macrolides
3) Lincosamides

28
Q

What is the spectrum of action of aminoglycosides?

A

Gram +/-

Not good against anaerobes

29
Q

What is the spectrum of action of chloramphenicol?

A

Gram +/- aerobes
Anaerobes
Some rickettsial organisms

30
Q

What is the spectrum of action of macrolides and lincosamides?

A

Gram +
Some gram negative (more than penicillins)
Anaerobes

31
Q

What is the spectrum of action of tetracyclines?

A

Gram +/-
Aerobes
Some anaerobes
Intracellular bacteria

SAIM Pharmacology (1 decks)

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