Antibiotics

Question 1

what antimicrobial therapy is used for prevention of disease?

Answer 1

prophylactic therapy

Question 2

How can drug resistance transferred in acquired antibiotic resistance?

Answer 2

1. conjugation
2. transformation
3. transduction

Question 3

what is the characteristic of plasmid for genetic factor causing acquired resistance to antimicrobial?

Answer 3

resistance transfer factor

Question 4

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors of Folic acid metabolism ?

Answer 4

1. Trimethoprim

2. Sulfonamides

Question 5

what are types of Beta -lactams antibiotics that inhibit bacteria cell wall synthesis ?

Answer 5

1. Penicillin
2. cephalosporin
3. carbapenem
4. Monobactam

Question 6

what type of antibiotics kills the bacteria ?

Answer 6

bactericidal

Question 7

PABA + Dihydropteroate synthase →

Answer 7

Dihydropteroic acid ( 1 st substrate)

Question 8

What are the Antimicrobial therapy?

Answer 8

1. prophylactic therapy
2. metaphylactic therapy
3. therapeutic therapy

Question 9

What are the types of antimicrobials that interfe with bacterial cell wall synthesis ?

Answer 9

1. Beta-lactams
2. bacitracin
3. vancomycin
4. cycloserine

Question 10

what is the characteristic of chromosomal mutation for genetic factor causing acquired resistance to antimicrobials ?

Answer 10

spontaneous single or multiple changes in bacterial DNA

Question 11

what antimicrobials interfere with bacterial protein synthesis at 50 S ribosomal subunit ?

Answer 11

1. Chloramphenicol & derivates
2. Macrolides
3. lincosamides

Question 12

what antimicrobials that are classified as Bacteriostatic?

Answer 12

1. Sulfonamides
2. Tetracycline
3. Chloramphenicol & derivates
4. Macrolides & lincomycins

Question 13

what are the characteristics of acquired resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 13

genetic /biochemical mechanism

Question 14

what are the characteristics of natural resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 14

1. protective outer membrane
2. lack of specific transport
3. system of antimicrobial
4. lacks the specific target site of action

Question 15

What are the classifications for antibiotics according to site of action?

Answer 15

1. cell wall synthesis
2. DNA replication
3. Transcription
4. Folic acid metabolism
5. Protein synthesis inhibitor (50 S)
6. Protein synthesis inhibitor ( 30s)
7. Cell membrane

Question 16

what type of biochemical mechanism for antimicrobial resistance has the bacteria acquire genes encoding enzymes that targets antibiotics & inactivates/ destroys target site ?

Answer 16

antimicrobial inactivation

Question 17

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors to cell wall synthesis ?

Answer 17

1. penicilin
2. cephalosporin
3. monobactams
4. Carbapenems
5. cycloserine
6. vancomycin

Question 18

what are the indication for combination therapy?

Answer 18

1. treats mixed bacterial infection
2. synergistic antimicrobial activity
3. prevents the development of drug resistance
4. minimized toxicity
5. prevents inactivation of drug by bacterial enzymes

Question 19

what are the classification of antimicrobials for broad spectrum?

Answer 19

1. Sulfonamides
2. Tetracyclines
3. Chloramphenicol & its derivatives
4. Macrolides & lincomycin
5. Fluoroquinolones
6. Rifampin

Question 20

What type of effects does combination therapy produce?

Answer 20

1. synergism
2. additive
3. antagonistic

Question 21

What type of effect is produce when using combination therapy of bacteriostatic drugs?

Answer 21

additive effects

Question 22

what are the examples of antimicrobial inactivation for biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance ?

Answer 22

1. ß-lactamase
2. amino glycoside- modifying enzyme
3. chloramphenicol acetyl transferase

Question 23

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors of Transcription?

Answer 23

Rifamycins

Question 24

what type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance decrease drug permeability & increase drug efflux by producing a new porin channel to not allow antibiotic to enter the cell?

Answer 24

decrease drug accumulation in bacterium

Question 25

What antimicrobials interfere with folic acid synthesis ?

Answer 25

1. sulfonamides | 2. diaminopyrimidine

Question 26

what does the success of antimicrobial therapy depend on ?

Answer 26

1. clinical diagnosis of disease 2. selection of appropriate antimicrobial agent 3. dose & route of administration 4. ancillary treatment, nutritional support & nursing care

Question 27

what type of resistance to antibiotics is mutation of genome of bacteria?

Answer 27

acquired

Question 28

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors of DNA replication?

Answer 28

Quinolones

Question 29

what antimicrobial therapy is used for treating animals that are in close contact with disease animals ?

Answer 29

Metaphylactic therapy

Question 30

what substance is essential for nucleic acid & amino acid synthesis that bacteria can synthesize?

Answer 30

Folic acid

Question 31

what are the genetic factors for acquired resistance to antibiotics?

Answer 31

1. chromosomal mutations | 2. Plasmids

Question 32

what antimicrobial therapy is used for treating clinical disease ?

Answer 32

Therapeutic therapy

Question 33

What is tetrahydrofolic acid is a cofactor in?

Answer 33

1. thymidine 2. purines 3. Methionine 4. glycine

Question 34

what antimicrobials are acting on the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 34

1. polymyxin B | 2. colistin

Question 35

what are the categories based on the effect on bacteria ?

Answer 35

1. Bactericidal | 2. Bacteriostatic

Question 36

what are the classification of antimicrobial for narrow spectrum ?

Answer 36

1. Beta-lactams (Natural penicillin) 2. Aminoglycoside 3. Polymyxin B & Colistin

Question 37

what classification of bactericidal are time dependent killing & post -antibiotic effect?

Answer 37

Type III antimicrobials

Question 38

what antimicrobials interfere with bacterial nucleic acid synthesis ?

Answer 38

1. Fluoroquinolones 2. Metronidazole 3. Rifampin

Question 39

what type of antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis ?

Answer 39

bacteriostatic

Question 40

Bactericidal classification depend on what type of action?

Answer 40

1. Type I antimicrobials 2. Type II antimicrobials 3. Type III antimicrobials

Question 41

what type of effect is produce when using bactericidal with bacteriostatic drugs?

Answer 41

antagonism

Question 42

what classification of bactericidal are concentration -dependent effect?

Answer 42

Type I antimicrobials

Question 43

what type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance increase the production of PABA in the bacterial cell ?

Answer 43

development of alternate metabolic pathway

Question 44

What antimicrobials interfere with bacterial protein synthesis at 30 S ribosomal sub-unit?

Answer 44

1. tetracycline | 2. Aminoglycoside

Question 45

what type of drug resistance transfer has cell to cell contact (direct) to exchange material?

Answer 45

conjugation

Question 46

what type of resistance to antibiotic is inherited ?

Answer 46

natural resistance to antibiotics

Question 47

Dihydrofolic acid + dihydrofolate reductase →

Answer 47

Tetrahydrofolic acid

Question 48

what antimicrobials that are classified as Bactericidal ?

Answer 48

1. Beta-lactams 2. Polymyxin B & colistin 3. Aminoglycoside 4. Fluroquinolones 5. Metronidazole

Question 49

what are the categories of antimicrobials based on spectrum of activity?

Answer 49

1. broad spectrum | 2. Narrow spectrum

Question 50

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitor of cell membrane?

Answer 50

Polymyxins

Question 51

Dihydropteroic acid + glutamic acid + Dihydrofolate synthase →

Answer 51

dihydrofolic acid ( needs to be reduce to be useful)

Question 52

what type of drug resistance transfer uses bacteriophages to acquired drug resistance ?

Answer 52

transduction

Question 53

what classification of bactericidal are time- dependent?

Answer 53

Type II antimicrobials

Question 54

what are the classification of antimicrobial agents?

Answer 54

1. site of antimicrobial agent 2. spectrum of activity 3. effect on bacteria 4. killing kinetics

Question 55

what type of effect is produce when using combination therapy of bactericidal drugs?

Answer 55

synergism

Question 56

what type of drug resistance transfer has resistance DNA acquired from the environment?

Answer 56

transformation

Question 57

what are the type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance ?

Answer 57

1. antimicrobial inactivation 2. structurally modified antibiotics target site 3. decreased drug accumulation in bacterium 4. development of an alternate metabolic pathway

Question 58

what type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance will modify binding protein on bacterial cell surface to reduce antibiotic binding ?

Answer 58

structurally modified antibiotic target site