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SGU pharm II > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

general information

1
Q

what antimicrobial therapy is used for prevention of disease?

A

prophylactic therapy

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2
Q

How can drug resistance transferred in acquired antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transformation
  3. transduction
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3
Q

what is the characteristic of plasmid for genetic factor causing acquired resistance to antimicrobial?

A

resistance transfer factor

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4
Q

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors of Folic acid metabolism ?

A
  1. Trimethoprim

2. Sulfonamides

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5
Q

what are types of Beta -lactams antibiotics that inhibit bacteria cell wall synthesis ?

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. cephalosporin
  3. carbapenem
  4. Monobactam
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6
Q

what type of antibiotics kills the bacteria ?

A

bactericidal

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7
Q

PABA + Dihydropteroate synthase →

A

Dihydropteroic acid ( 1 st substrate)

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8
Q

What are the Antimicrobial therapy?

A
  1. prophylactic therapy
  2. metaphylactic therapy
  3. therapeutic therapy
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9
Q

What are the types of antimicrobials that interfe with bacterial cell wall synthesis ?

A
  1. Beta-lactams
  2. bacitracin
  3. vancomycin
  4. cycloserine
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10
Q

what is the characteristic of chromosomal mutation for genetic factor causing acquired resistance to antimicrobials ?

A

spontaneous single or multiple changes in bacterial DNA

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11
Q

what antimicrobials interfere with bacterial protein synthesis at 50 S ribosomal subunit ?

A
  1. Chloramphenicol & derivates
  2. Macrolides
  3. lincosamides
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12
Q

what antimicrobials that are classified as Bacteriostatic?

A
  1. Sulfonamides
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Chloramphenicol & derivates
  4. Macrolides & lincomycins
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13
Q

what are the characteristics of acquired resistance to antibiotics?

A

genetic /biochemical mechanism

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of natural resistance to antibiotics?

A
  1. protective outer membrane
  2. lack of specific transport
  3. system of antimicrobial
  4. lacks the specific target site of action
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15
Q

What are the classifications for antibiotics according to site of action?

A
  1. cell wall synthesis
  2. DNA replication
  3. Transcription
  4. Folic acid metabolism
  5. Protein synthesis inhibitor (50 S)
  6. Protein synthesis inhibitor ( 30s)
  7. Cell membrane
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16
Q

what type of biochemical mechanism for antimicrobial resistance has the bacteria acquire genes encoding enzymes that targets antibiotics & inactivates/ destroys target site ?

A

antimicrobial inactivation

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17
Q

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors to cell wall synthesis ?

A
  1. penicilin
  2. cephalosporin
  3. monobactams
  4. Carbapenems
  5. cycloserine
  6. vancomycin
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18
Q

what are the indication for combination therapy?

A
  1. treats mixed bacterial infection
  2. synergistic antimicrobial activity
  3. prevents the development of drug resistance
  4. minimized toxicity
  5. prevents inactivation of drug by bacterial enzymes
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19
Q

what are the classification of antimicrobials for broad spectrum?

A
  1. Sulfonamides
  2. Tetracyclines
  3. Chloramphenicol & its derivatives
  4. Macrolides & lincomycin
  5. Fluoroquinolones
  6. Rifampin
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20
Q

What type of effects does combination therapy produce?

A
  1. synergism
  2. additive
  3. antagonistic
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21
Q

What type of effect is produce when using combination therapy of bacteriostatic drugs?

A

additive effects

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22
Q

what are the examples of antimicrobial inactivation for biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance ?

A
  1. ß-lactamase
  2. amino glycoside- modifying enzyme
  3. chloramphenicol acetyl transferase
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23
Q

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors of Transcription?

A

Rifamycins

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24
Q

what type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance decrease drug permeability & increase drug efflux by producing a new porin channel to not allow antibiotic to enter the cell?

A

decrease drug accumulation in bacterium

25
Q

What antimicrobials interfere with folic acid synthesis ?

A
  1. sulfonamides

2. diaminopyrimidine

26
Q

what does the success of antimicrobial therapy depend on ?

A
  1. clinical diagnosis of disease
  2. selection of appropriate antimicrobial agent
  3. dose & route of administration
  4. ancillary treatment, nutritional support & nursing care
27
Q

what type of resistance to antibiotics is mutation of genome of bacteria?

28
Q

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitors of DNA replication?

A

Quinolones

29
Q

what antimicrobial therapy is used for treating animals that are in close contact with disease animals ?

A

Metaphylactic therapy

30
Q

what substance is essential for nucleic acid & amino acid synthesis that bacteria can synthesize?

A

Folic acid

31
Q

what are the genetic factors for acquired resistance to antibiotics?

A
  1. chromosomal mutations

2. Plasmids

32
Q

what antimicrobial therapy is used for treating clinical disease ?

A

Therapeutic therapy

33
Q

What is tetrahydrofolic acid is a cofactor in?

A
  1. thymidine
  2. purines
  3. Methionine
  4. glycine
34
Q

what antimicrobials are acting on the bacterial cell membrane?

A
  1. polymyxin B

2. colistin

35
Q

what are the categories based on the effect on bacteria ?

A
  1. Bactericidal

2. Bacteriostatic

36
Q

what are the classification of antimicrobial for narrow spectrum ?

A
  1. Beta-lactams (Natural penicillin)
  2. Aminoglycoside
  3. Polymyxin B & Colistin
37
Q

what classification of bactericidal are time dependent killing & post -antibiotic effect?

A

Type III antimicrobials

38
Q

what antimicrobials interfere with bacterial nucleic acid synthesis ?

A
  1. Fluoroquinolones
  2. Metronidazole
  3. Rifampin
39
Q

what type of antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis ?

A

bacteriostatic

40
Q

Bactericidal classification depend on what type of action?

A
  1. Type I antimicrobials
  2. Type II antimicrobials
  3. Type III antimicrobials
41
Q

what type of effect is produce when using bactericidal with bacteriostatic drugs?

A

antagonism

42
Q

what classification of bactericidal are concentration -dependent effect?

A

Type I antimicrobials

43
Q

what type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance increase the production of PABA in the bacterial cell ?

A

development of alternate metabolic pathway

44
Q

What antimicrobials interfere with bacterial protein synthesis at 30 S ribosomal sub-unit?

A
  1. tetracycline

2. Aminoglycoside

45
Q

what type of drug resistance transfer has cell to cell contact (direct) to exchange material?

A

conjugation

46
Q

what type of resistance to antibiotic is inherited ?

A

natural resistance to antibiotics

47
Q

Dihydrofolic acid + dihydrofolate reductase →

A

Tetrahydrofolic acid

48
Q

what antimicrobials that are classified as Bactericidal ?

A
  1. Beta-lactams
  2. Polymyxin B & colistin
  3. Aminoglycoside
  4. Fluroquinolones
  5. Metronidazole
49
Q

what are the categories of antimicrobials based on spectrum of activity?

A
  1. broad spectrum

2. Narrow spectrum

50
Q

what are the antimicrobials that are classified as inhibitor of cell membrane?

A

Polymyxins

51
Q

Dihydropteroic acid + glutamic acid + Dihydrofolate synthase →

A

dihydrofolic acid ( needs to be reduce to be useful)

52
Q

what type of drug resistance transfer uses bacteriophages to acquired drug resistance ?

A

transduction

53
Q

what classification of bactericidal are time- dependent?

A

Type II antimicrobials

54
Q

what are the classification of antimicrobial agents?

A
  1. site of antimicrobial agent
  2. spectrum of activity
  3. effect on bacteria
  4. killing kinetics
55
Q

what type of effect is produce when using combination therapy of bactericidal drugs?

56
Q

what type of drug resistance transfer has resistance DNA acquired from the environment?

A

transformation

57
Q

what are the type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance ?

A
  1. antimicrobial inactivation
  2. structurally modified antibiotics target site
  3. decreased drug accumulation in bacterium
  4. development of an alternate metabolic pathway
58
Q

what type of biochemical mechanism of antimicrobial resistance will modify binding protein on bacterial cell surface to reduce antibiotic binding ?

A

structurally modified antibiotic target site

SGU pharm II (5 decks)

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