Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a - Kate > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

5 methods of antibiotic resistance are:

A
  1. Target site mutation - change in molecular configuration of antimicrobial binding site
  2. Destruction of antimicrobial - e.g. B-lacatamase enzyme
  3. Prevention of antimicrobial entry - modification to membrane porin channel size
  4. Removal of anti-microbial from bacterium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MRSA resistance mechanism

A

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.

mecA gene encodes for penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) - a mutation to this means penicillin can’t bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

VRE resistance mechanism

A

Vancomycin resistant Enterococci

- plasmid mediated gene for altered a.a. on peptide chain prevents vancomycin form binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gram negative B-lactamases resistance mechanism

A

The bacterium produce b-lactamase which hydrolyse the b-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporins
NB// typically remain sensitive to B-lactamase inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ESBL resistance

A

Extended spectrum B-lactamases

  • further mutations and the active site (B-lactam ring) means they can also inactivate:
    a. celphalosporins
    b. combination antibiotics (co-amoxiclav)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antibiotic classes specific to GRAM -ve bacteria

A
  • aminoglycosides (streptomycin/gentamycin; inhibit protein synthesis)
  • trimethoprim (inhibit folate synthesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antibiotic classes specific to GRAM +ve bacteria

A
  • penicillins (amoxicillin) - disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis
  • macrolides (clarithromycin, erythromycin) - inhibit protein synthesis
  • lincosamide (clindamycin) - inhibits protein synthesis
  • glycopeptides (vancomysin/teicoplasin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common uses of Macrolides

A

P - pneumonia
U - URI
S - STD
(clarithromycin/erythromycin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Common uses of ceftriazone

A

a cephalosporin (generational classes,, higher generation = broader)

  • -> gonococcus
  • -> meningococcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Common uses of vancomycin

A

a glycopeptide (target cell wall - monitor nephrotoxicity)
–>MRSA
–>enterococci
(some resistance e.g. VRE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Common uses of doxycycline

A

Lyme disease, Rickessetia, malaria prophylaxis, exacerbation of COPD, chlamydia
- broad spectrum tetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment of TB

A

R - rifampicin
I - isoniazide
P - pyrazinamide
E - ethambutol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Use of metronidaozole

A

anaerobic infections - INTRA-ABDOMINAL, pelvic, oral, soft tissue
inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
- gram +/- ve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mechanism of Penicillins

A

B-lactam rings. Inhibition of peptidoglycan cross linking -> disruption of gram +ve cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Indications for Benzylpenecillin

A

Streptococcal infection, clostridial infection, meningococcal infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contraindications and interactions to benzylpenecillin

A

Penicillin Allergy; interaction with methotrexate - excretion impaired -> toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What it the mechanism for flucloxacillin resistance

A

Penicillinase-resistant: side chain protects from B-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Indications for flucloxacillin

A

Staphlococcal infection, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Indications for amoxicillin

A

Empirical treatment of pneumonia, UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Contraindications against flucloxacillin

A

penicillin allergy, previous liver toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Contraindications against amoxicillin

A

Penicillin allergy, severe renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What forms co-amoxiclav?

A

amoxicillin & clavulanic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is co-amoxiclav used, instead of other penicillins.

A

its broad-spectrum, clavulanic acid is a B-lactamase inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Indications for co-amoxiclav.

A

Hospital acquired infections, intra-abdominal sepsis. H.pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Contraindications and interactions of amoxicillin,

A

CI: penicillin, severe renal impairment;
Interactions: methotrexate, excretion impaired -> toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Indications for piperacillin + tazobactam (tazocin)

A

severe broad spectrum infection, Pseudomonas, immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Indications for Cefotaxime

A

urinary and respiratory tract infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Contraindications and interactions of cefotaxime

A

CI: penicillin allergy;
Interactions: increases warfarin action, increases nephrotoxicity in aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mechanism of Macrolides

A

Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

2 examples of macrolides

A

Erythromycin, and clarithromycin. Oral & IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Indications for macrolides

A

Resp & skin (if penicillin allergy), severe pneumonia, peptic ulcer (eradicate H.pylori)

32
Q

Contraindications, and interactions and adverse effects for macrolides.

A

CI: macrolide hypersensitivity
Interactions: drugs metabilised by CYTP450; Adverse effects: irritant (nausea)

33
Q

MOA of quinolones

A

Inhibits DNA synthesis

34
Q

Example of quinolones

A

ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin

35
Q

Formation of resistance of quinolones

A

bacteria rapidly develop resistance (2nd or 3rd line)

36
Q

Indications for quinolones

A

UTI, severe GI infection (shigella, campylobacter), lower UTI, malaria.

37
Q

Contraindication, interactions and adverse effects for quinolones

A

CI: seizures, growing, cardiac disease;
Interactions: theophylline;
AE: GI upset, C.difficile colitus

38
Q

Mechanism of action of metronidazole

A

inhibits bacterail DNA synthesis, anaerobic bacteria activate it. IV, oral, PR

39
Q

Indications for metronidazole

A

protozoal infection, anaerobes, H. pylori (with macrolide), C. difficile

40
Q

Contraindications of metronidazole

A

liver disease

don’t use with alcohol

41
Q

Metronidazole interactions and adverse effects

A

Interactions: warfarin, phenytoin, cytochrome P450;

no significant adverse effects

42
Q

MOA of antifungals

A

Binds to fungal membrane protein ergosterol

43
Q

Examples of antifungals and route of administration

A

Nystin, clotrimazole, fluconazole;

oral or topical

44
Q

Indication & Contraindications for fluconazole

A

Indications - fungal infection

Contraindications - liver disease

45
Q

Drug interactions for fluconazole

A

drugs metabolised by cytochrome P450

46
Q

Mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin

A

Activated in bacterial cells, damages DNA.

47
Q

Indication for use of nitofurantoin

A

Uncomplicated LUTI (concentrates in urine)

48
Q

MOA of aminoglycosides

A

inhibits 30s ribosomal unit –> no bacterial protein synthesis

49
Q

3 examples of aminoglycosides

A
  • gentamycin
  • neomycin
  • streptomycin
50
Q

Indications for aminoglycosides

A

serious GRAM -VEs. Pseudomonas, severe sepsis, pylonephritis, endocarditis, NOT anaerobes

51
Q

Contraindications for gentamycin

A

Myasthenia gravis

52
Q

Aminoglycoside interactions and adverse effects

A

Interactions: furisemide

Adverse effects: ototxicity, nephrotoxicity

53
Q

Vancomycin mechanism of action

A

inhibits peptidoglycan cross linking –> disruption of gram +ve cell wall synthesis

54
Q

Is Vancomycin 1st or 2nd line treatment?

A

Vancomycin is 2nd line following resistance.

55
Q

indications for vancomycin

A

severe c.diff, MRSA, Gram +ve aerobic an anaerobic e.g. endocarditis

56
Q

vancomycin interactions and adverse effects

A

I’s: aminoglycosides and loop diuretics

AE: ototxicity, nephrotoxicity

57
Q

MOA of tetracyclines

A

Inhibits 30s ribosomal unit -> no bacterial protein synthosis

58
Q

2 examples of tetracyclines

A
  • doxycycline

- lymecycline

59
Q

Indications for tetracyclines

A

Acne vulgaris, lower resp tract infection -> H. influenzae, pneumonia

60
Q

Contraindications for tetracyclines

A

Preg, breastfeeding, children <12, renal impairment

61
Q

Interactions for tetracyclines

A

Ca2+, Fe2+, antacids, bind to tetracyclines –> not absorbed.
increase the effect of warfarin (kill Vit K secreting bacteria)

62
Q

Adverse effects of tetracyclines

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea.

63
Q

2 examples of trimethoprims

A
  • trimethoprim

- co-trimoxazole

64
Q

MOA of trimethoprim

A

inhibits bacterial folate synthesis. Bacteriostatic

65
Q

MOA of co-trimoxazole

A

Inhibits bacterial folate synthesis, combines with sulfamethoxazole for bactericidal activity.
Bactericidial.

66
Q

Indications for trimethoprim

A

uncomplicated UTI, first line.

67
Q

Indications for co-trimoxazole

A

Pneumocycstis pneumonia in the immunosuppressed

68
Q

Contraindications of trimethoprim

A

Folate deficiency

69
Q

Trimethoprim interactions and adverse effects

A

Interactions: Potassium elevating drugs

Adverse effects: rash

70
Q

Mechanism of action of quinines

A

Reduces excitability of motor end plate; unknown function in relation to malaria

71
Q

Examples of quinines

A

quinine sulphate

72
Q

Indications for quinines

A
  • noctural leg cramps

- no longer 1st line for Malaria

73
Q

Contraindications for quinines

A

hearing loss

74
Q

Interactions of quinines

A

Arrythmia medication.

75
Q

Adverse effects of quinine

A

Tinnitus, deafness, blindness.

Phase 2a - Kate (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions