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Threats and Defence > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of sulphonamides and what is their MOA?

A

Sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine

Folic acid inhibitor

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2
Q

What are the side effects of sulphonamides?

A

nausea, vomiting, headaches, hypersensitivity, myelosuppression, hepatitis

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3
Q

What are sulphonamides used for ?

A

not commonly used due to resistance - sometimes used in combo with trimethoprim

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4
Q

What are some examples of trimethoprim and what is their MOA?

A

Trimethoprim
Folic acid inhibitor

= gram+ve and gram -ve

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5
Q

What are the side effects of trimethoprim?

A

Nausea, vomiting, skin rash, megoblastic anaemia (due to folate deficiency)

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6
Q

What are trimethoprim used for ?

A

Used in combo with sulphonamides

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7
Q

What are some examples of tetracycline and what is their MOA?

A

Tetracycline, doxycycline = t-RNA inhibitor

Doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetraycycline = inhibit protein synthesis

Gram +ve and -ve

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8
Q

What are the side effects of tetracycline?

A

GI disturbance when not then with sufficient water, photosensitivity

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, discolouration of teeth in children, intracranial hypertension

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9
Q

What are tetracycline used for ?

A

Renal impairment, instead of beta-lactams. Prophylaxis for malaria

Used in acne, chlyamdia, cholera, mycoplasma

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10
Q

What are some examples of chloramphenicol and what is their MOA?

A

Chloramphenicol = inhibits protein synthesis

Gram +ve and -ve

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11
Q

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?

A

Highly toxic, bone marrow toxicity, neuritis, headache, rashes, grey baby syndrome

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12
Q

What are chloramphenicol used for ?

A

Only used for life-threatening conditions and used topically in conjunctivitis

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13
Q

What are some examples of penicillins and what is their MOA?

A

Penicillin, benzylpenicilin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin

Beta-lactams = inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting transpeptidase

Gram +ve and -ve

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14
Q

What are the side effects of penicillins?

A

Minimal- hypersensitivity, nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy (rare)

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15
Q

What are penicillins used for ?

A

Often given as an initial treatment prior to diagnosis

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16
Q

What are some examples of cephalosporins and what is their MOA?

A

1- cephalexin
2- cefuroxime
3- cefotaxmine
4- cefepime

Modified beta-lactams - they are less susceptible to beta-lactamases

Gram +ve and -ve

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17
Q

What are the side effects of cephalosporins?

A

Hypersensitivity, nephrotoxcity, diarrhoea, skin rashes, headache

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18
Q

What are cephalosporins used for ?

A

Each generation has greater antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-ve bacteria

19
Q

What are some examples of monobactams and what is their MOA?

A

Aztreonam

Modified beta-lactams - inhibits mucopeptide synthesis therefore preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan

Gram -ve

20
Q

What are monobactams used for ?

A

Used against gram-ve bacteria in patients with penicillin allergy

21
Q

What are some examples of carbapenems and what is their MOA?

A

Imipenem

Modified beta-lactams - enter via outer membrane proteins (porins) and acetylate PBPs (enzymes that for peptidoglycan wall)

Gram +ve and -ve

22
Q

What are the side effects of carbapenems?

A

Minimal - hypersensitivity, nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy (rare)

23
Q

What are carbapenems used for ?

A

most effective against gram -ve

24
Q

What are some examples of aminoglycosides and what is their MOA?

A

Gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin

Inhibit cell wall synthesis - binds 30s ribosomal subunit and induces misreading of the genetic code

Gram +ve and only a few gram -ve

25
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Sensori-neuro deafness, contra- indicated in pregnancy

26
Q

What are aminoglycosides used for ?

A

Treating serious gram +ve infections

27
Q

What are some examples of glycopeptides and what is their MOA?

A

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Gram +ve

28
Q

What are the side effects of glycopeptides?

A

Nephrotoxicity, rashes, blood disorders, nausea

29
Q

What are glycopeptides used for ?

A

Serious staphylococcal infection - effective against C.diff

30
Q

What are some examples of Quinolones and what is their MOA?

A

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin

Inhibits DNA transcription

Gram +ve and -ve

31
Q

What are the side effects of Quinolones?

A

Minimal - GI disturbance, rashes, dizziness, headache, can’t be used with theophylline

32
Q

What are Quinolones used for ?

A

Gram +ve bacteria resistant to penicillin

Ciprofloxacin is good against gram -ve cocci

33
Q

What are some examples of metronidazole and what is their MOA?

A

Metronidazole, tindazole

Inhibits DNA synthesis, breaks down DNA

Gram +ve

34
Q

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

A

Nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, intolerance to alcohol, rashes

35
Q

What are metronidazole used for ?

A

Effective against both non-dividing and dividing cells

36
Q

What are some examples of nitrofurantoin and what is their MOA?

A

nitrofurantoin

Disrupts DNA

Gram +ve and -ve

37
Q

What are the side effects of nitrofurantoin?

A

Peripheral neuropathy, GI disturbance, long term use can lead to lung fibrosis

38
Q

What are nitrofurantoin used for ?

A

Gram +ve cocci and E.coli

39
Q

What are some examples of macrolides and what is their MOA?

A

Erythromycin, clarithomycin

Inhibit translocation of proteins

Gram +ve and some -ve

40
Q

What are the side effects of macrolides?

A

GI disturbance, hypersensitivity, rashes

41
Q

What are macrolides used for ?

A

Good against gram +ve but not against most gram -ve, apart from H. influenza and legionella

42
Q

What are some examples of Lyncosamides and what is their MOA?

A

Clindamycin

Inhibits protein synthesis

Gram +ve and -ve

43
Q

What are the side effects of Lyncosamides?

A

Nausea, vomitting, jaundice, neutropenia, rashes, thrombocytopenia

44
Q

What are Lyncosamides used for ?

A

Used for strep. bone infections

Threats and Defence (10 decks)

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