Antibiotics Flashcards
What are some examples of sulphonamides and what is their MOA?
Sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine
Folic acid inhibitor
What are the side effects of sulphonamides?
nausea, vomiting, headaches, hypersensitivity, myelosuppression, hepatitis
What are sulphonamides used for ?
not commonly used due to resistance - sometimes used in combo with trimethoprim
What are some examples of trimethoprim and what is their MOA?
Trimethoprim
Folic acid inhibitor
= gram+ve and gram -ve
What are the side effects of trimethoprim?
Nausea, vomiting, skin rash, megoblastic anaemia (due to folate deficiency)
What are trimethoprim used for ?
Used in combo with sulphonamides
What are some examples of tetracycline and what is their MOA?
Tetracycline, doxycycline = t-RNA inhibitor
Doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetraycycline = inhibit protein synthesis
Gram +ve and -ve
What are the side effects of tetracycline?
GI disturbance when not then with sufficient water, photosensitivity
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, discolouration of teeth in children, intracranial hypertension
What are tetracycline used for ?
Renal impairment, instead of beta-lactams. Prophylaxis for malaria
Used in acne, chlyamdia, cholera, mycoplasma
What are some examples of chloramphenicol and what is their MOA?
Chloramphenicol = inhibits protein synthesis
Gram +ve and -ve
What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?
Highly toxic, bone marrow toxicity, neuritis, headache, rashes, grey baby syndrome
What are chloramphenicol used for ?
Only used for life-threatening conditions and used topically in conjunctivitis
What are some examples of penicillins and what is their MOA?
Penicillin, benzylpenicilin, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin
Beta-lactams = inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall by inhibiting transpeptidase
Gram +ve and -ve
What are the side effects of penicillins?
Minimal- hypersensitivity, nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy (rare)
What are penicillins used for ?
Often given as an initial treatment prior to diagnosis
What are some examples of cephalosporins and what is their MOA?
1- cephalexin
2- cefuroxime
3- cefotaxmine
4- cefepime
Modified beta-lactams - they are less susceptible to beta-lactamases
Gram +ve and -ve
What are the side effects of cephalosporins?
Hypersensitivity, nephrotoxcity, diarrhoea, skin rashes, headache
What are cephalosporins used for ?
Each generation has greater antimicrobial effectiveness against gram-ve bacteria
What are some examples of monobactams and what is their MOA?
Aztreonam
Modified beta-lactams - inhibits mucopeptide synthesis therefore preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan
Gram -ve
What are monobactams used for ?
Used against gram-ve bacteria in patients with penicillin allergy
What are some examples of carbapenems and what is their MOA?
Imipenem
Modified beta-lactams - enter via outer membrane proteins (porins) and acetylate PBPs (enzymes that for peptidoglycan wall)
Gram +ve and -ve
What are the side effects of carbapenems?
Minimal - hypersensitivity, nausea, vomiting, encephalopathy (rare)
What are carbapenems used for ?
most effective against gram -ve
What are some examples of aminoglycosides and what is their MOA?
Gentamycin, streptomycin, neomycin
Inhibit cell wall synthesis - binds 30s ribosomal subunit and induces misreading of the genetic code
Gram +ve and only a few gram -ve
