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Microbiology/Infectious Disease > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

Agent produced my a micro-organism that kills or inhibits the growth of other micro-organisms

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2
Q

Antibiotics can be put into classes depending on their binding sites and effects on the bacteria. Give 5 binding sites and one example of an antibiotic that works there.

A
  1. Bind to cell wall - B-lactams or glycopeptides
  2. Interfere with nucleic acid synthesis/function - Metranidazole
  3. Inhibit protein synthesis - Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, oxazolidonones
  4. Inhibit folate synthesis - Trimethoprim
  5. Inhibit DNA gyrase - Fluoroquines
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3
Q

Define bacteriocidal

A

Kills the bacteria

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4
Q

Define bacteriostatic

A

Prevents growth of bacteria

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5
Q

Which antibiotics are generally bacteriocidal?

A

Those that inhibit cell wall synthesis (B lactams and glycopeptides)

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6
Q

What are the MIC and MBC?

A 
MIC = Minimum inhibitory concentration (level of antibiotic needed to prevent visible growth of the bacteria)
MBC = Minimum bacteriocidal concentration
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7
Q

The antibiotics with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration are not necessarily the best antibiotics, what two other factors have a large influence on anti-bacterial effects?

A

Concentration

Time (remains @ binding site)

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8
Q

For a staph aureus infection, what antibiotic would be your first port of call?

A

Flucloxacillin. If not, Vancomycin

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9
Q

What antibiotics increase the risk of C.Diff?

A

The C drugs - ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, cephalosporin, Co-amoxiclav (augmentin) and carbapenems

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10
Q

Give 4 different methods that bacteria use to resist antibiotics

A
  1. Change target site
  2. Destroy antibiotic
  3. Prevent antibiotic entry
  4. Remove antibiotic from bacteria (efflux pump)
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11
Q

What are the main 3 examples of bacteria changing their target site so that antibiotics can no longer bind?

A
  • VRE
  • MRSA
  • MTB (mycobacterium tuberculosis) change in RNA polymerase so Rampificin no longer acts
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12
Q

Give 3 examples of natural resistance of bacteria

A
  1. Aerobic bacteria can’t reduce metranidazole to active form
  2. Anaerobic bacteria lack oxidative metabolism to take up aminoglycosides
  3. Gram -ve bacteria have an outer membrane that cannot be penetrated by Vancomycin
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13
Q

What are the 3 main ways that bacteria can acquire resistance other than spontanoeus mutation?

A
  1. Conjugation (pillus an plasmid)
  2. Transduction (bacteriophage)
  3. Transformation (picking up naked DNA0
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14
Q

Name two gram +ve resistant organisms

A
  • MRSA

- VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococci)

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15
Q

What gene in MRSA codes for resistance?

A

mecA

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16
Q

What is MRSA resistant to?

A

All beta-lactams and methicillin

17
Q

Give 3 categories of gram -ve resistant organisms

A
  1. ESBL’s
  2. Carbapenemases (CPE’s) enterobactericae
  3. AmpC beta-lactamases
18
Q

What are ESBL’s resistant to?

A

Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Cephalosporins, and combination antibiotics (Augmentin, Tazocin)

19
Q

Which group of B-lactams are the most broad spectrum?

A

Carbapenems- will cover ESBL’s and AmpC

20
Q

What are AmpC’s resistant to?

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin, monobactam

21
Q

What antibiotic is the first port of call for a UTI, and prescribed for how many days?

A

Trimethoprim - 3 days

22
Q

What antibiotic is the first port of call for cellulitis, if the individual was infected with S.Aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin (10-14 days)

23
Q

Patient presents with 2 day history of cough and sputum. S. pneumoniae infection. What antibiotic would be used?

A

Amoxicillin

24
Q

Patient presents with 2 day history of cough and sputum, pneumonia suspected but S.pneumoniae not present. What antibiotic would be used?

A

Clarithromycin

25
Q

Patient after surgery suspected to have intra-abdominal infection, what antibiotic would be used?

A

Metranidazole

26
Q

Name 3 B-lactamase inhibitors

A

Clavulanic acid/ Sulbactam/ Tazobactam

27
Q

What are carbapenems most commonly used for?

A

Hospital-acquired infections. (Most broad spectrum)

28
Q

Do 1st generation Cephalosporins (Cefalexin) work more efficiently against gram +ve or gram -ve bacteria?

A

Gram +ve

29
Q

What would generally be used to treat bacterial meningitis?

A

Cephalosporin + vancomycin

30
Q

Which type of penicillin is given orally?

A

Pen V (Phenoxymethylpenicillin)

31
Q

Which type of penicillin in given via IV?

A

Pen G (Benzylpenicillin)

32
Q

What is Pen G used to treat?

A

Streptococci (viridans, pneumoniae) and for beta haemolytic strep

so .. skin/soft tissue infection and endocarditis

33
Q

What is Pen V used to treat?

A

Strep throat (bacterial pharyngitis)

34
Q

What antibiotic is given in splenectomy prophylaxis?

A

Pen V (Phenoxymethylpenicillin)

35
Q

Does alcohol hand gel work in killing either C.diff or norovirus?

A

No

Microbiology/Infectious Disease (5 decks)

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