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Antibiotics > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Bactericidal meaning

A

Kills bacteria

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2
Q

Bacteriostatic meaning

A

Prevents bacterial growth

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3
Q

What do antibiotics work on?

A

The bacterial cell wall, the bacterial DNA and the bacterial ribosome

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4
Q

What antibiotics work on the cell wall?

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins and glycopeptides

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5
Q

Name the penicillins

A

Penicillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, temocillin, co-amoxiclav and piperacillin

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6
Q

Name a cephalosporin

A

Ceftriaxone

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7
Q

Name 2 glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin, Teicoplanin

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8
Q

What are the majority of gram positive cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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9
Q

How do the penicillins work?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of the peptidoglycan subunits

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10
Q

How are penicillins excreted

A

By the kidneys, rapidly

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11
Q

What are the 3 forms of penicillin?

A

Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G), Phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V), Benzathine penicillin

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12
Q

Tell me more about Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G)

A

Original form, narrow spectrum, can be destroyed by stomach acid, still useful against anaerobes

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13
Q

Tell me more about Phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V)

A

Newer, resistant to stomach acid

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14
Q

Tell me more about Benzathine penicillin

A

Long acting, IM

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15
Q

Tell me about flucloxacillin

A

Gram positive, very narrow spectrum, staph and strep, IV or oral

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16
Q

What is fluclox ineffective against?

A

MRSA

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17
Q

Tell me about amoxicillin

A

Gram positive and negative, IV or oral, broad spectrum

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18
Q

Amoxicillin can be used along side clarithromycin to treat what?

A

H pylori stomach ulcers

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19
Q

Tell me about Co - amoxiclav

A

IV or oral, gram positive and negative, very broad spectrum

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20
Q

Tell me about Tazocin/ Piperacillin

A

Huge spectrum, nearly all, not MRSA

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21
Q

Tell me about Temocillin

A

Gram negative, only active against coliforms, E. Coli

Active against extended spectrum beta lactamase producing organisms

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22
Q

Tell me about the cephalosporins

A

Broad spectrum, excreted via kidneys, kill off normal flora and can lead to C dif - limited use

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23
Q

How do cephalosporins act on the bacterial cell wall?

A

They disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cells walls, which causes the wall to break down

24
Q

Tell me about the glycopeptides

A

Excreted via the kidneys, active against gram positive cocci.

25
Q

Name a glycopeptide

A

Vancomycin

26
Q

How do glycopeptides work

A

They bind to the end of the growing pentapeptide chain during peptidoglycan synthesis. Preventing cross linking and weakening the bacterial cell wall

27
Q

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis - act on the bacterial ribosome

A

Macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, clindamycin and chloramphenicol

28
Q

Name the macrolides

A

Erythromycin, Clarythromycin, azithromycin - bacteriostatic

29
Q

Name a tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline - bacteriostatic

30
Q

Name an amino glycoside and tell me about it

A

Gentamicin - binding to the ribosome is lethal - not absorbed from the gut, acts mainly against gram negative aerobic organisms - excreted via kidneys

31
Q

Tell me about macrolides

A

Excreted via liver, lipophilic (can pass through cell membranes easily)

32
Q

Tell me about aminoglycosides

A

Bactericidal, active against gram negative aerobic organisms (coliforms and pseudomonas)
Excreted via kidneys
Can damage kidneys and CN 8 (deafness and dizziness)

33
Q

What antibiotics act on bacterial DNA

A

Metronidazole, Trimethoprim, Fluoroquinolones

34
Q

Tell me about metronidazole

A

Oral or IV, causes bacterial DNA strand breakage, used to treat anaerobic and some protozoal infections

35
Q

Tell me about Trimethoprim

A

Oral, inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis
Can be given with sulphamethoxazole as co-trimoxazole (Septrin)
Used against some gram positive and gram negative
Excreted via kidneys

36
Q

What are the fluoroquinolones and tell me about them

A

Ciprofloxacin (IV or oral) Levofloxacin (IV)
They are bactericidal
Restricted use in Tayside –> C dif
Excreted in urine

37
Q

What are the side effects of antibiotics?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea
Many affect the absorption of oral contraceptives
Ciprofloxacin –> Tendonitis
Metronidazole - interacts with alcohol

38
Q

What antibiotics are avoided?

A

Cephalosporins, Co - amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin

39
Q

What organisms are Gram positive

A

Clostridium Spp, Streptococus Sp, Enterococcus spp, Staph aureus, MRSA

40
Q

What organisms are gram negative?

A

Bacteroides Spp, Haemophilus Influenzae, Neisseria spp, E coli (coliforms)

41
Q

How do we classify strep

A

Haemolysis
Alpha - partial
Beta - complete
Gamma - none

42
Q

What does strep pnuemoniae cause?

A

Pneumonia and meningitis

43
Q

What does strep viridians cause?

A

Endocarditis

44
Q

Beta strep - group A strep causes what?

A

Tonsilitis, scarlet fever, necrotising fasciitis

45
Q

Non haemolytic strep is what?

A

Enterococci

46
Q

What test is used to distinguish between staph

A

Coagulase test

47
Q

In infection what happens to the blood volume?

A

It decreases as more fluid leaks into the tissues, the heart then has to work harder

48
Q

What is released from gram negative bacterial cell walls when they die?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

49
Q

What is the first line antibiotic for anaerobic infections

A

Metronidazole

50
Q

Describe Spirochaetes

A

Spiral shaped, dont stain

51
Q

What are the mechanisms of bacterial resistance

A

Production of enzymes to destroy the antibiotics
Altered antibiotic binding sites
Alteration of cell wall porins
Up regulation of efflux pumps (antibiotic being removed from the cell before it has time to act)

52
Q

Exotoxin is mainly produced by what?

A

Gram positive organisms

53
Q

Endotoxin is mainly produced by what?

A

Gram negatives

54
Q

What structure does candida have?

A

Large gram positive oval structures

55
Q

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants?

A

Rotavirus

56
Q

What are the coliforms?

A

E.Coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus

57
Q

Staph, strep, entero and MRSA are sensitive to what?

A

Vancomycin

Antibiotics (3 decks)

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