Antibiotics Flashcards
broad spectrum penicillins
ampicillin
amoxicillin
penicillinase-resistant penicillins
methicillin
nafcillin
oxacillin
hint::: i METh a NAsty Ox
anti-pseudomonal penicillins
ticarcillin, carbenicillin (carboxypenicillins)
piperacillin, mezlocillin (ureidopenicillins
beta-lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid
sulbactam
tazobactam
(given in combination with penicillins to treat beta-lactamase resistant combination)
first-generation cephalosporins
cephalothin
cephapirin
cephradine
cephalexin
(exceptions: cefazolin, cefadroxil)
hint: they have a PH
second-generation cephalosporins
cefamandole cefaclor cefuroxime cefoxitin cefotetan
(exceptions: cefmetazole, cefonicid, cefprozil, loracabef)
Hint: they have an F
third-generation cephalosporins
ceftriaxone ceftazidime cefotaxime ceftizoxime ceftibuten
(exception: cefixime, cefoperazone, cefpodoxin, cefetamet)
hint: they have a T
fourth-generation cephalosporins
cefepime
hint: only one with FEP in its name
What are 1st-gen cephalosporins used for?
Used as alternatives to penicillin for staphylococcal and streptococcal infections when penicillin cannot be tolerated (allergy)
What are 2nd-gen cephalosporins used for?
Good coverate against strep. pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Ideal agent against community-acquired bacterial peumonia when don’t know what the organism is.
Cefuroxime good for sinusitis and otitis media (often caused by H. influenzae or branhamella catarrhalis).
Which 2nd-gen cephalosporins cover anaerobic bacteria?
cefotetan
cefoxitin
cefmetazole
Hint: a FOX MET an anerobic bug for TEA
What are 3rd-gen cephalosporins used for?
Used for multi-drug resistant aerobic gram-negative organisms that cause nosocomial pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis, and UTIs
What are 4th-gen cephalosporins used for?
Everything 3rd-gen cephalosporins does + gram-positives and pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which cephalosporins are effective against pseudomonas aeruginosa?
ceftazidime, cefoperazone (3rd-gen)
cefepime (4th-gen)
What is always given with imipenem to prevent dihydropeptidase in the normal kidney from breaking it down?
cilastin
Which carbapenem is stable against dihydropeptidase?
meropenem
Which beta-lactam drug is a monobactam?
aztreonam
What is aztreonam used for?
gram-negative aerobic bacteria only
kills tough, multi-drug resistant, gram-negative bacteria, including pseudomonas aeruginosa
little cross-reactivity w/ beta-lactams, so can be used in penicillin-allergic patients
Which quinolones are effective against pseudomonas?
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
trovafloxacin
Which aminoglycosides are effective against pseudomonas?
gentamicin
tobramycin (best)
amikacin
What types of antibiotics inhibit the function of bacterial ribosome?
chloramphenicol (50S) clindamycin (50S) linezolid (50S) erythromycin (50S) tetracycline (30S) aminoglycoside (30S
Which anti-ribosomal antibiotic cannot be absorbed orally?
aminoglycoside
Which anti-ribosomal antibiotic has a very wide spectrum of activity?
chloraphenicol
gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria
What is chloraphenicol used for?
used to treat bacterial meningitis, when the organism is not yet known and the pt. has severe allergies to penicillins, including cephalosporins
DOC for young children and pregnant women who have RMSF (normally treat w/ tetracycline)