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Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bacteria do Cephalosporins NOT cover?

A

EnterococcusAtypicals

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2
Q

Which Cephalosporins cover Pseudomonas?

A

CeftazimideCefapime

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3
Q

Which Cephalosporins cover anaerobes?

A

CefoxitinCefotetan

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4
Q

What would you prescribe Cefazolin or Cephalexin for?

A

CellulitisProphylaxis during surgery (Cefazolin IV)UTIs

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5
Q

What would you prescribe Cefuroxime/Cefoxitin/Cefotetan for?

A

Intra-abdominal infections like cholecystitis

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6
Q

What is a side effect of Cefotetan?

A

Elevated INR

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7
Q

What would you prescribe Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime/Cefpodoxime for?

A

Community acquired PNAMeningitisPeritonitis

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8
Q

What is the awesome thing that Ceftazimide covers, and what is not covered?

A

Covers Pseudomonas!No Gram + coverage

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9
Q

What is the broadest spectrum Cephalosporin that you can prescribe in the US and what does it cover?

A

Cefepime (IV) covers gram +, gram - including Pseudomonas, and anaerobes

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10
Q

What is the broadest spectrum Cephalosporin outside of the US and what does it cover?

A

Ceftobiprole (IV) covers gram + including MRSA, gram - including Pseudomonas

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11
Q

What do Carbapenems cover?

A

Gram +Gram - including PseudomonasAnaerobesESBL

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12
Q

Which Carbapenem does not cover Pseudomonas?

A

Ertapenem

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13
Q

Which Carbapenem has the highest risk of seizure?

A

Imipenem

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14
Q

Which Carbapenem has the highest potency against Pseudomonas?

A

Doripenem

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15
Q

What does Aztreonam cover?

A

Only aerobic gram -

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16
Q

When is Aztreonam usually prescribed?

A

If there is a PCN allergy

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17
Q

With what allergy would you avoid prescribing Aztreonam, and why?

A

Ceftazimide, because it has a similar side chain as Aztreonam

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Sulfonamides?

A

Inhibit folate synthesis

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19
Q

Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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20
Q

What could you use sulfonamides for?

A

Pneumocystis pneumoniaCommunity-acquired MRSAGram + and Gram -, good choice for cellulitis, Nocardia, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella

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21
Q

Sulfonamides only provides weak coverage against a specific microbe. Which microbe?

A

Strep

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22
Q

What are the side effects of sulfonamides?

A

Bone marrow suppressionNephritisHyperkalemiaMeningitisFalsely elevated creatinine levelsHypersensitivity

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

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24
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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25
What would you use tetracyclines for?
AtypicalsCommunity-acquired MRSARickettsiaLyme diseaseTularemiaVibrioBrucellaAcneRosacea
26
What are some side effects of tetracyclines?
Teeth discolorationPhotosensitivityGI discomfortInhibits bone growth in children
27
What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?
Initiate change in protein function in cell membrane
28
Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bacteriostatic
29
What is azithromycin used for?
AtypicalsCommunity-acquired pneumoniaSinusitisMycobacterium avium complex in HIV/AIDS patientsSTD Chlamydia
30
What is erythromycin used for?
GI motility agent
31
What is clarithromycin used for?
Mycobacterium avium complex
32
What are some side effects of macrolides?
QT prolongationGI side effectsRash
33
Is clindamycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bacteriostatic
34
What would you use clindamycin against?
AnaerobesGram + cocci (staph, strep)Community-acquired MRSA
35
What is a side effect of clindamycin?
Highest rate of C.diff
36
Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bactericidal
37
Why aren't aminoglycosides prescribed very often?
You have to order levels
38
What would you use aminoglycosides for?
Aerobic gram - (including pseudomonas)
39
What are some side effects of aminoglycosides?
Acute tubular necrosisOtotoxicity
40
What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?
DNA gyrase and topoisomerase inhibitor
41
Are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bactericidal
42
What does ciprofloxacin cover?
Best gram - coverage of FQsAtypicals, but best against Legionella and staph
43
What does levofloxacin cover?
Excellent gram + (in particular strep pneumo)AtypicalsLess reliable pseudomonas coverage than ciproCommunity-acquired pneumonia
44
What should you not use levofloxacin for?
Staph aureus infections
45
How is moxifloxacin different from levofloxacin?
Moxi has virtually no urine activity, can't use it for UTIsMoxi has no pseudomonas activityMoxi has best gram +, atypical, and anaerobic coverage
46
Which are the "respiratory" fluoroquinolones?
LevofloxacinMoxifloxacin
47
What are some side effects of the fluoroquinolones?
QT prolongationTendon ruptureDysglycemiasCartilage damage
48
What is macrobid used for?
E. coli (UTIs)VRE
49
When is macrobic contraindicated?
Renal failure
50
What is the mechanism of action for vancomycin?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
51
Is vancomycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Slow bactericidal
52
When a patient is taking vancomycin, when do you measure the "trough"?
After the 3rd dose and before the 4th dose
53
What can vancomycin cover?
Staph/Strep/non-VRE enterococcus
54
What can vancomycin treat?
Gram + infectionsSevere C.diff infections (PO)Sepsis (IV)
55
What are some side effects of vancomycin?
Red man syndromeNephrotoxicityOtotoxicityBone marrow suppression
56
Which specific conditions should the level of vancomycin be between 15-20?
PneumoniaOsteomyelitisEndocarditisMeningitisSepsis
57
What is the mechanism of action for linezolid?
Ribosomal inhibitor
58
What does linezolid cover?
ALL gram +
59
Is linezolid bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Bacteriostatic
60
What can linezolid treat?
MRSAPneumoniaTB
61
What are some side effects of linezolid?
Expensive!!Bone marrow suppressionMAOI**not used for endocarditis b/c it's bacteriostatic
62
What is the mechanism of action for daptomycin?
Forms transmembrane channels and depolarizes cells
63
Is daptomycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
Rapidly bactericidal
64
What does daptomycin cover?
Gram + (including MRSA and VRE)
65
What is the main problem with daptomycin?
No lung activity (can't use against pneumonia)
66
What is the main side effect of daptomycin?
Muscle toxicity (so check CK weekly)
67
What is the mechanism of action of synercid?
Inhibits ribosomal synthesis
68
What does synercid cover?
MRSAVRE
69
When would you prescribe synercid?
If all other antimicrobials have failed
70
What does tigecycline cover?
Gram + (including MRSA and VRE)Gram -AnaerobesAtypicals**NOT pseudomonas or proteus
71
Is tigecycline bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What is clinically significant about tigecycline?
BacteriostaticLowest risk of C.diff
72
What is the mechanism of action for metronidazole (flagyl)?
Taken up by anaerobic bacteria and disrupts the DNA
73
What does metronidazole cover?
Anaerobes (including C.diff)ProtozoansHelicobacter pylori
74
What are the side effects of metronidazole?
NauseaDiarrheaMetallic tasteDose-dependent and possible cumulative peripheral neuropathy
75
How is Cefazolin taken?
IV
76
How is Cephalexin taken?
PO
77
How is UNASYN taken
IV
78
How is Ampicillin taken?
IV
79
How is Oxacillin taken?
IV
80
How is Dicloxacillin taken?
PO
81
How is Ceftazidime taken?
IV
82
How is Cefepime taken?
IV
83
How is Cefpodoxime taken?
PO
84
How is Cefotaxime taken?
IV

Pharm- Antibiotics (1 decks)

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