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Pharm- Antibiotics > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bacteria do Cephalosporins NOT cover?

A

EnterococcusAtypicals

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2
Q

Which Cephalosporins cover Pseudomonas?

A

CeftazimideCefapime

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3
Q

Which Cephalosporins cover anaerobes?

A

CefoxitinCefotetan

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4
Q

What would you prescribe Cefazolin or Cephalexin for?

A

CellulitisProphylaxis during surgery (Cefazolin IV)UTIs

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5
Q

What would you prescribe Cefuroxime/Cefoxitin/Cefotetan for?

A

Intra-abdominal infections like cholecystitis

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6
Q

What is a side effect of Cefotetan?

A

Elevated INR

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7
Q

What would you prescribe Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime/Cefpodoxime for?

A

Community acquired PNAMeningitisPeritonitis

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8
Q

What is the awesome thing that Ceftazimide covers, and what is not covered?

A

Covers Pseudomonas!No Gram + coverage

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9
Q

What is the broadest spectrum Cephalosporin that you can prescribe in the US and what does it cover?

A

Cefepime (IV) covers gram +, gram - including Pseudomonas, and anaerobes

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10
Q

What is the broadest spectrum Cephalosporin outside of the US and what does it cover?

A

Ceftobiprole (IV) covers gram + including MRSA, gram - including Pseudomonas

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11
Q

What do Carbapenems cover?

A

Gram +Gram - including PseudomonasAnaerobesESBL

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12
Q

Which Carbapenem does not cover Pseudomonas?

A

Ertapenem

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13
Q

Which Carbapenem has the highest risk of seizure?

A

Imipenem

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14
Q

Which Carbapenem has the highest potency against Pseudomonas?

A

Doripenem

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15
Q

What does Aztreonam cover?

A

Only aerobic gram -

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16
Q

When is Aztreonam usually prescribed?

A

If there is a PCN allergy

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17
Q

With what allergy would you avoid prescribing Aztreonam, and why?

A

Ceftazimide, because it has a similar side chain as Aztreonam

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Sulfonamides?

A

Inhibit folate synthesis

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19
Q

Are sulfonamides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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20
Q

What could you use sulfonamides for?

A

Pneumocystis pneumoniaCommunity-acquired MRSAGram + and Gram -, good choice for cellulitis, Nocardia, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella

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21
Q

Sulfonamides only provides weak coverage against a specific microbe. Which microbe?

A

Strep

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22
Q

What are the side effects of sulfonamides?

A

Bone marrow suppressionNephritisHyperkalemiaMeningitisFalsely elevated creatinine levelsHypersensitivity

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis

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24
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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25
Q

What would you use tetracyclines for?

A

AtypicalsCommunity-acquired MRSARickettsiaLyme diseaseTularemiaVibrioBrucellaAcneRosacea

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26
Q

What are some side effects of tetracyclines?

A

Teeth discolorationPhotosensitivityGI discomfortInhibits bone growth in children

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides?

A

Initiate change in protein function in cell membrane

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28
Q

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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29
Q

What is azithromycin used for?

A

AtypicalsCommunity-acquired pneumoniaSinusitisMycobacterium avium complex in HIV/AIDS patientsSTD Chlamydia

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30
Q

What is erythromycin used for?

A

GI motility agent

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31
Q

What is clarithromycin used for?

A

Mycobacterium avium complex

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32
Q

What are some side effects of macrolides?

A

QT prolongationGI side effectsRash

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33
Q

Is clindamycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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34
Q

What would you use clindamycin against?

A

AnaerobesGram + cocci (staph, strep)Community-acquired MRSA

35
Q

What is a side effect of clindamycin?

A

Highest rate of C.diff

36
Q

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

37
Q

Why aren’t aminoglycosides prescribed very often?

A

You have to order levels

38
Q

What would you use aminoglycosides for?

A

Aerobic gram - (including pseudomonas)

39
Q

What are some side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Acute tubular necrosisOtotoxicity

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action for fluoroquinolones?

A

DNA gyrase and topoisomerase inhibitor

41
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bactericidal

42
Q

What does ciprofloxacin cover?

A

Best gram - coverage of FQsAtypicals, but best against Legionella and staph

43
Q

What does levofloxacin cover?

A

Excellent gram + (in particular strep pneumo)AtypicalsLess reliable pseudomonas coverage than ciproCommunity-acquired pneumonia

44
Q

What should you not use levofloxacin for?

A

Staph aureus infections

45
Q

How is moxifloxacin different from levofloxacin?

A

Moxi has virtually no urine activity, can’t use it for UTIsMoxi has no pseudomonas activityMoxi has best gram +, atypical, and anaerobic coverage

46
Q

Which are the “respiratory” fluoroquinolones?

A

LevofloxacinMoxifloxacin

47
Q

What are some side effects of the fluoroquinolones?

A

QT prolongationTendon ruptureDysglycemiasCartilage damage

48
Q

What is macrobid used for?

A

E. coli (UTIs)VRE

49
Q

When is macrobic contraindicated?

A

Renal failure

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action for vancomycin?

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

51
Q

Is vancomycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Slow bactericidal

52
Q

When a patient is taking vancomycin, when do you measure the “trough”?

A

After the 3rd dose and before the 4th dose

53
Q

What can vancomycin cover?

A

Staph/Strep/non-VRE enterococcus

54
Q

What can vancomycin treat?

A

Gram + infectionsSevere C.diff infections (PO)Sepsis (IV)

55
Q

What are some side effects of vancomycin?

A

Red man syndromeNephrotoxicityOtotoxicityBone marrow suppression

56
Q

Which specific conditions should the level of vancomycin be between 15-20?

A

PneumoniaOsteomyelitisEndocarditisMeningitisSepsis

57
Q

What is the mechanism of action for linezolid?

A

Ribosomal inhibitor

58
Q

What does linezolid cover?

A

ALL gram +

59
Q

Is linezolid bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

60
Q

What can linezolid treat?

A

MRSAPneumoniaTB

61
Q

What are some side effects of linezolid?

A

Expensive!!Bone marrow suppressionMAOI**not used for endocarditis b/c it’s bacteriostatic

62
Q

What is the mechanism of action for daptomycin?

A

Forms transmembrane channels and depolarizes cells

63
Q

Is daptomycin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

Rapidly bactericidal

64
Q

What does daptomycin cover?

A

Gram + (including MRSA and VRE)

65
Q

What is the main problem with daptomycin?

A

No lung activity (can’t use against pneumonia)

66
Q

What is the main side effect of daptomycin?

A

Muscle toxicity (so check CK weekly)

67
Q

What is the mechanism of action of synercid?

A

Inhibits ribosomal synthesis

68
Q

What does synercid cover?

A

MRSAVRE

69
Q

When would you prescribe synercid?

A

If all other antimicrobials have failed

70
Q

What does tigecycline cover?

A

Gram + (including MRSA and VRE)Gram -AnaerobesAtypicals**NOT pseudomonas or proteus

71
Q

Is tigecycline bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What is clinically significant about tigecycline?

A

BacteriostaticLowest risk of C.diff

72
Q

What is the mechanism of action for metronidazole (flagyl)?

A

Taken up by anaerobic bacteria and disrupts the DNA

73
Q

What does metronidazole cover?

A

Anaerobes (including C.diff)ProtozoansHelicobacter pylori

74
Q

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

A

NauseaDiarrheaMetallic tasteDose-dependent and possible cumulative peripheral neuropathy

75
Q

How is Cefazolin taken?

A

IV

76
Q

How is Cephalexin taken?

A

PO

77
Q

How is UNASYN taken

A

IV

78
Q

How is Ampicillin taken?

A

IV

79
Q

How is Oxacillin taken?

A

IV

80
Q

How is Dicloxacillin taken?

A

PO

81
Q

How is Ceftazidime taken?

A

IV

82
Q

How is Cefepime taken?

A

IV

83
Q

How is Cefpodoxime taken?

A

PO

84
Q

How is Cefotaxime taken?

A

IV

Pharm- Antibiotics (1 decks)

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