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Vet prep bacteriology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotic

A

Chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits growth of or kills other microorganisms
Ex. Streptomycin
Gentamicin

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2
Q

Antimicrobial Agent

A

Chemical substance derived rom a biological source or produced by chemical synthesis that kills or inhibits the growth or microorganism
Ex. Sulfonamide
Enrofloxacin

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3
Q

When do you use an antibiotic

A
  • When the bodies normal defenses cannot prevent or overcome disease
  • Antimicrobials must act without damaging the host cells
  • Disinfectants and antiseptics act outside the host
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4
Q

Penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming-> Domagk->1935

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5
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Broad spectrum-> Domagk->1935

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6
Q

Natural (true antibiotics)

A

-Fungal and bacterial sources

Ex. Benzyl Penicillin, gentamicin, streptomycin, chlortetracycline

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7
Q

Semi-Synthetic antibiotics

A

-Chemically altered natural compound

Ex. Ampicillin, Amikacin

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8
Q

Synthetic antibiotics

A

-Chemically designed in the lab

Ex. Sulfonamide, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin

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9
Q

Antibiotic Classifications

A
  1. Chemical family structure
  2. Mode of action
  3. Type of antimicrobial activity
  4. Spectrum of antibacterial activity
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10
Q

Mode of action

A
  • Inhibitors cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibitors of protein synthesis
  • Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
  • Inhibitors of membrane function
  • Anti-metabolites
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11
Q

Inhibitors of Cell wall synthesis

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Vancomycin
  • Bacitracin
  • Cycloserine
  • Monobactums
  • Carbapenems
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12
Q

Inhibitors of protein synthesis

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
  • Tetracyclines
  • Streptomycin
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13
Q

Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

A
  • Quinolones

- Rifampin

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14
Q

Inhibitors of plasma membrane

A

-Polymixin B

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15
Q

Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis

A
  • Sulfonamide

- Trimethoprim

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16
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics

A

Beta Lactam antibiotics
-Penicillin and Cephalosporins
-Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis
-binds and inhibits penicillin binding proteins
Beta lactamase-enzymes present in bacteria with can please the beta lactam ring and inactivate penicillin
*cluvulanic acid- prevents degradation of penicillin by beta lactamase

Glycopeptides
Vancomycin and Daptomycin
Last drug of choice for some gram positive bacteria because of resistance.

17
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics

A 
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin
-Inhibits 30s subunit of bacterial ribosomes
Tetracyclins
Oxytetracyclin, Chlorotetracyclin
-Inhibits 50s subunit of bacterial ribosomes
Macrolides
Erythromycin
-Inhibits 50s subunit
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
-Inhibits 50s subunit
Phenocols
Chloramphenicol
-Inhibits 50s subunit
18
Q

DNA synthesis inhibitor antibiotics

A 
Quinolones
Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin
-Inhibits enzyme DNA gyrase
Metranidazole
Makes breaks in the DNA
Rifampin
-Inhibit RNA polymerase
-Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mupirocin
-Inhibit tRNA synthetase
-Commonly used for MRSA
19
Q

Membrane function inhibitor antibiotics

A

Polymixins

Daptomycin

20
Q

Folic acid synthesis inhibitor antibiotics (anti-metabolites)

A

Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
competitive inhibitors

21
Q

Bacteriostatic Activity

A

Inhibition of bacterial multiplication/growth

22
Q

MIC

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration- Lowest drug concentration that completely INHIBITS bacterial growth

23
Q

Bactericidal Activity

A

Killing effect on a bacterial population

24
Q

MBC

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration -Lowest drug concentration that KILLS the population

25
Q

Bactericidal Drugs

A

KILLS

  • aminoglycosides
  • Beta lactams
  • clindamycin
  • metranidazole
  • quinolones
  • Rifampin
  • Sulfonomide/dipyrmidine
  • Vancomycin
26
Q

Bacteriostatic Drugs

A

INHIBITS GROWTH

  • Chloramphenicol
  • Clindamycin
  • Lincosamides
  • Macrolides
  • Sulfonomides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Tylosin
27
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics active against a wide variety of bacteria

Ex. Tetracycline

28
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

A

Only a narrow range

Ex. Penicillin

29
Q

Susceptibility Results

A

S- High likelihood of therapeutic SUCCESS
I- Uncertain outcome
R- High likelihood of therapeutic FAILURE

30
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A 
Lysogenic conversion
-Bacteriophage DNA into a bacterial cell
Transduction
-Bcterial DNA into another bacteria via phage
Conjugation (plasmids)
Transformation (uptake of exogenous DNA)
31
Q

Transposon

A

Chunks of DNA that can move through plasmid

-may contain virulence or resistance factors

32
Q

Innate Resistance

A

Pre-exisitng property

33
Q

Acquired Resistance

A
  • New genetically encoded trait not representative of the species
  • Mutations
  • Horizontal gene transfer
34
Q

Examples of natural resistance

A
  • Enzymatic destruction or inactivation of drugs (beta lactamase)
  • Prevention of penetration to target sites within microbe
  • Alteration of drug target site
  • Rapid efflux of antibiotics

Vet prep bacteriology (2 decks)

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