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Therapeutics > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

List the classes of antibiotics?

A 
Beta-lactams
Aminoglycosides
Quinolones
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
(Co-trimoxazole)
(Metronidazole)
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2
Q

List the different “classes” under beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins
Aminopenicillins
Cloxacillins and Flucloxacillin
Cephalosporins

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3
Q

List the penicillin agents and their route of administrations?

A

Benzyl penicillin (penicillin G) - IV
Penicillin V - oral
Benzathine penicillin - IMI
Procaine penicillin - IMI

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4
Q

Duration of action for the IMI penicillins?

A

Benzathine penicillin = 21 days

Procaine penicillin = 12 hours

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5
Q

Penicillins are the drugs of choice for?

A

Strep infection
Syphilis
Enterococci
Lysteria

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6
Q

What is the cover of aminopenicillins and what are they thus useful for?

A

Same cover as penicillin PLUS heaemophilus cover

Therefore, URTI (excluding strep.)

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7
Q

The use of cloxacillin and flucloxacillin?

A

Staph aureus cover

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8
Q

Route of administration for clox and fluclox?

A

Cloxacillin IVI

Flucloxacillin PO

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9
Q

What agent should be used in cloxacillin-resistant staph aureus infection?

A

Vancomycin

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10
Q

What is the indication for vancomycin?

A

Cloxacillin resistant Staph aureus

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11
Q

Examples of cephalosporins and uses?

A

1st generation: cefazolin (IV) - surgical prophylaxis
2nd generation: cefuroxime (not really used)
3rd generation: cefotaxime, ceftriaxone - S pneumoniae cover, good CSF penetration therefore treatment of choice for bacterial meningitis, typhoid and gonorheoa

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12
Q

Ceftriaxone indications?

A

S pneumonia
Bacterial meningitis
Typhoid
Gonorrhoea

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13
Q

Mode of action of beta-lactams?

A

Cell wall destruction/bactericidal

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14
Q

Therapeutic index of beta-lactams?

A

Wide

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15
Q

How are beta-lactams excreted?

A

Renally

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16
Q

Biggest problem with beta-lactams?

A

Hypersensitivity
Within one hour: anaphylaxis
Within 72 hours: urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, maculopapular rash

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17
Q

Maculopapular rash is most commonly associated with which beta-lactam?

A

Amoxicillin

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18
Q

Mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance and how to overcome it?

A

Beta-lactamase - clavulanic acid (i.e. co-amoxiclav) or tazobactam
Penicillin binding proteins - increase dose

19
Q

Examples of aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamycin

Kanamycin

20
Q

MoA of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

21
Q

Cover of aminoglycosides (gram positive and/or negative and/or anerobes?

A

Gram negative

22
Q

Other properties of aminoglycosides?

A

Poor tissue penetration, must be given IV
Concentrates in urine
Single daily dosing
Needs to be monitored if in use >3 days or renal impairment

23
Q

Toxic effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Ototoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

24
Q

Indications for gentamycin?

A

SERIOUS community acquired infections
Pyelonephritis
Use for synergy with Beta-lactams

25
Q

Indications for kanamycin?

A

TB

26
Q

Mechanism of action of quinolones?

A

Targets DNA enzymes

27
Q

Toxicity effects of quinolones?

A

Rash
CNS (headaches, seizures etc.)
Tendonitis

28
Q

Examples of quinolones?

A

1st generation: not used
2nd generation: ciprofloxacin
3rd generation: moxifloxacin

29
Q

Indications for use of ciprofloxacin?

A

Gram negative
UTI
Dysentery
Alternative to aminoglycoside

30
Q

Indications for use of moxifloxacin?

A

Gram negative and positive

URTI (if beta-lactam allergy)

31
Q

Macrolides are the drugs of choice for?

A

H pylori
Chlamydia cervicitis
Chancroid
Penicillin allergy

32
Q

Examples of macrolides?

A

Erythromycin

Azithromycin

33
Q

Which is used more commonly? Erythromycin or azithromycin?

A

Azithromycin
Reasons:
Longer half-life
Better absorbed

34
Q

Cover of macrolides?

A

Gram positive

35
Q

MoA of macrolides?

A

Protein synthesis inhibition

36
Q

MoA of tetracyclines?

A

Protein synthesis inhibition

37
Q

Toxic effects of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity
Teeth discolouration
Nausea and vomiting
DO NOT USE IN PREGNANCY OR CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 8

38
Q

Example of tetracycline?

A

Doxycycline

39
Q

Indications for doxycycline?

A 
Chlamydia STI
Malaria prophylaxis
Brucellosis
Ricketsia
Acne (in low doses)
40
Q

Uses of cotrimoxazole?

A

HIV positive: PCP, toxoplasmosis, isospora belli

41
Q

Uses of metronidazole (Flagyl)?

A

Anerobes
Trichomonas
Giardia

42
Q

What side effect does metronidazole have?

A

Disulfaram-like

DO NOT DRINK ALCOHOL

43
Q

MoA of metronidazole?

A

Targets DNA/DNA enzymes

44
Q

MoA of cotrimoxazole?

A

Inhibits steps in bacterial folate pathway

Therapeutics (4 decks)

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