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Pharm II Exam 3 > antibiotics > Flashcards

antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

clavulanic acid and sulbactam

A

B lactamase inhibitors. can combine with b lactam antibiotics to resist bacterial B lactamase.

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2
Q

What are the four groups of B-lactam antibiotics?

A

1) Penicillin
2) Cephalosporins
3) Carbapenems
4) Monobaactams

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3
Q

Which B lactam undergoes active secretion in the kindey, causing high concentrations of unchanged drug in the urine?

A

Penicillins

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4
Q

Don’t use penicillin orally in which species?

A

Ruminants, horses, guinea pigs, and chinchillas

SO YOU CAN use it orally in dogs, cats, pigs, etc

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5
Q

Penicillin G

A
  • natural NARROW spectrum (lg animal)
  • USE PARENTERALLY
    1) Penicillin G K/Na = IV or IM
    2) Penicillin G Procaine = IM only NOT IV
  • use in gram pos/neg cocci, clostridium, lepto
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6
Q

Ab drugs that are nephrotoxic (damage renal tubular epithelial cells) (3)

A

1) aminoglycoside
2) polymixins
3) tetracyclines
(TAP) tap into the tubes
(bacitracin has potential)
these same drugs interfere with neuromuscular blockade (esp in combo with anesthetics)

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7
Q

AB drugs that are nephrotoxic (damage the collecting ducts)

A

sulfonamides (crystalluria)

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8
Q

AB that are Hepatotoxic (3)

A

1) tetracyclines
2) erythromycin
3) TMPS
tetracyclines damage both liver and kidney ! TET

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9
Q

ototoxicity can be a side effet in which group?

A

aminoglycosides

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10
Q

which can lead to CNS excitment, causing it to only be used IM in large animals most commonly?

A

Penicillin G

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11
Q

cartilage damage in growing dogs

A

floranquinalones

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12
Q

bone marrow toxicity ( anemia and leukopenia) (3)

A

1) chloramphenicaol
2) sulfonamides
3) trimithoprim

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13
Q

GI upset (3)

A

1) ampicillin, linocmycin, clindamycin

CAL me if you have GI upset

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14
Q

Natural penicillin

A

Penicillin G-> G+ aerobes/anerobes

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15
Q

Semisynthetic penicillin

A

amoxicillin/ampicillin-> moreG-, slightly less G+

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16
Q

B lactamase resistant penicillin

A

Cloxacillin-> staph/strep B lactamases

-im gonna CLOX those B lactamase resistant bacteria

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17
Q

Anti- pseudomonas penicillin

A

Ticarcillin-> imma “ tic cara that pseudomonas”

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18
Q

which antibiotic is not supposed to mixed with B lactams ABs INVITRO?

A

aminoglycosides-> they have a synergsitic efffect INVIVO

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19
Q

Amoxicillin/ampicillin

A

seminsynthetic with broader range than PenG

  • use in small animals, equine, and MASTITIS in cattle
  • ampicillin -> is amped to get to work give it parenterally
  • amoxicillin -> ORALLY
20
Q

Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid (clavamox)

A

C acid binds to Blactamase to increase afficacy of amoxicillin
-only use if B lactamase (resiistance) is suspected or confirmed!)

21
Q

Cloxacillin

A

B lactamase stable penicillin

hes gonna clox that resisitant bacteria

22
Q

Ticarcillin

A

pseudomonas fighting !

23
Q

Cephalexin

A

1st generation
FIRST LINE ANTIOBIOTIC in small animals
ORALLY
can dose higher for gram neg sometimes (recall first gen more Gram pos than neg)

24
Q

cefazolin

A

first generation
same spectrum as cephalexin but PARENTERAL use NOT ORAL

use in small animals and horses
*used prophylactically in surger (as you ‘zol’ into surgery)

25
Q

cephapirin

A

first generation
similar spectrum as cephalexin
MASTITS in cattle -> intramammary infusion
“whats hapirin” with that udder ?!”

26
Q

cefoxitin

A

second generation
ANAEROBES
given IV to treat serious infections

27
Q

ceftiofur

A

third generation
LG animal - FOOT ROT, MASTITIS, RESP dz
‘Fur’ = Foot root, Udder inflammation, Resp dz

28
Q

cefovecin

A 
third generation
99% protein boud -> REALLY LONG duration of action 
dosed q7-14 days
injectable 
DOGS: PYODERMA due to staph and strep 
CATS: pasteurella
29
Q

cefpodoxime

A

third generation
small animal GRAM NEG infection (third generation!! )
prodrug ester (cefpodoxime proxetil) converted to active after GI absorption

30
Q

which of the b lactam ABS classes is lease prone to being affected by resistance ?

A

Carbapenems

31
Q

about carbapenems

A
  • less prone to resistance
  • TREAT PSEUDOMONAS
  • last resort for extendeded spectrum beta lactamase bacterial infxn
  • LONGER PAE that other beta lactam ABs
  • PARENTERAL ONLY!!!!(IV SQ)
  • imipenem - IV infusion only
  • meropenem -SUB Q
  • DO CROSS THE BBB
  • greater toxic potential than other B lactams
32
Q

imipenem

A

uncommonly used in small animals for hihg resistant gram - bacteria

  • DILUTE IV SLOW INFUSION - risk of seizures, phlebitis
  • ALWAYS combo with CILASTIN to delay metabolism and reduce renal toxicity
33
Q

meropenem

A

same indication as imipenem
CAN be used SUB Q
fewer side effects

34
Q

Glycopeptide AB of vet interest

A

vancomycin

35
Q

MoA of vancomycin

A

its a glycopeptide -> so it bnids to PEPTIDEoGLYCan ‘ends’ and prevents formation of long polymers needed to form the cell wall as stops corss linking. leads to structural instabolity and osmotic pressure susceptibilty(like B lactams)

36
Q

T or F:
vancomycin is useful against both Gram pos and Gram neg bacteria like other cell wall synthesis inhibotrs (B lactams, Bacitracin, and polymixin B)

A 
FALSE:
Vancomycin (glycopeptide), bacitracin, and Polymixin B (cell membrane inhibition) are not able to act on both
Vancomycin = GRAM POS ONLY
Polymixin B = GRAM NEG ONLY
Bacitracin = GRAM POS ONLY
37
Q

Vancomycin

A

-last resort against MRSA in humans use carefully
-works on any gram pos
-b lactam resistant infxn
-not abosrbed orally! -> can be used to fight C. difficile in the GI tract
-USE IV ONLY
-does not cross the BBB (only cell wall synthesis AB that does are carbapenems)
-some synergy seen with aminoglycosides (UNLIKE B LACTAMS)
-BANNED IN FOOD PRODUCTION
-

38
Q

can you use all of the cell wall synthesis ABs in food production?

A

VANCOMYCIN IS NOT PERMITTED TO BE USED IN FOOD ANIMALS

39
Q

Bacitracin MoA

A

bind to isoprenyl pyrophosphate enzyme which transports building blocks to make polymer chains in the cell wall.

40
Q

Bacitracin

A

GRAM POS ONLY
bacteriocidal or static
-NEPHROTOXIC -> so use orally or topically only
-complexed with zinc
-part of the ‘triple antibiotic’ ointment (Neosporin, polymixin B, bacitracin)
resisance not a problem despite being used in food production

41
Q

Polymixin B MoA

A

ACTS ON THE CELL MEMBRANE (so gram Neg duh)

  • acts as a CATIONIC DETERGENT to the phospholipid cell membrane and breaks it down (binds to LPSs endotoxin)
  • cytoplasm leaks out-> rapid cell death
42
Q

polymixin B

A

gram neg only

  • including PSEUDOMONAS
  • resisance aquired is rare
  • MoA makes it viable to attack mammalian cells -> TOXIC-> only use topically
  • using other than topical would lead to nephro and ototoxicity
  • available as part of the triple antibiotics (with bacitracin and neomycin)
43
Q

what should you be aware of about BNP ointments?

A

fatal anaphylactic resposes in cats has been reported

44
Q

Cell wall synthesis drugs that DO treat pseduomonas

A

polymixin B
ticarcillin
carbapenems

45
Q

MoA of tetracyclines

A

binds charged transfer RNA (which would normally bind to 30s ribosimal subunit nRNA complex)
Tetracycline binds T RNA

46
Q

about tetracyclines

A

generally ORALLY abosorbe(except oxytetracycline)
large spectrum (gram pos and neg, spirochetes -> lepto and borrelia, rickettsila -> ehrlicia and anaplasma, mycoplasma, chlamidophila, anaerobes
-bacteriostatic
-GOOD PENETRATION IN HARD TO REACH TO REACH TISSUES (csf, bone, prostate)
-ANTAGONSITIC TO PENICILLINS
-YELLOWING OF TEETH in growing animals
-GI ISSUES-anoerxia (small animal), esophageal stricture (cats), superinfection in horses, bitter tasting
-

Pharm II Exam 3 (1 decks)

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