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Antibiotics Flashcards

Drugs by Target: Good Summary Image: http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v12/n5/images/nrd3975-f1.jpg Good Review: http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v12/n5/full/nrd3975.html What is the mechanism? (synergize or antagonize, bacteriostatic or bacteriocidial, selective toxicity) what spectrum of activity? (ex. gram negative rods) what side effects?

1
Q

mechanism: isoniazid (IHN)

A

inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

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2
Q

spectrum of activity: isoniazid

A

mycobateria

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3
Q

side effects: isoniazid

A

liver toxicity

neuro: administered with pyrodoxine to prevent toxicity

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4
Q

prophylaxis: dental work and heart protection

A

amoxicillin

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5
Q

prophylaxis: joint replacement

A

cefazolin

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6
Q

ethambutol

A

bacetiostatic for TB and atypical mycobacteria, blocks links between mycolic acid and peptidoglycan

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7
Q

metronidazole

A

batericidal for anaerboic bacteria

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8
Q

polyene

A

antifungal drugs that block ergosterol

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9
Q

azoles: mechanism

A

topical antifungals that block ergosterol differently than polyenes
toxic due to inhibition of P450

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10
Q

what drug class: fluconazole, ketococonazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole

A

azoles, topical antifungals

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11
Q

mechanism: amphotericine B

A

poleyen antifungal with fungicidal action against ergosterol

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12
Q

side effects: amphotericine B

A

renal toxicity (chills, fever, nausaea, vomitting)

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13
Q

mechanism: Rifampin

A

bacteriostatic or cidal depending on bacteria

blocks mRNA transcription

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14
Q

spectrum of activity: Rifampin

A

meningitis, prosthetic valve treatment

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15
Q

side effects: Rifampin

A

benign, orange sweat and quick resistance

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16
Q

Rifabutin

A

aginst mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in AIDs patients

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17
Q

Fidaxomycin

A

inhibits RNA pol of C. diff, spares normal flora of colon

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18
Q

mechanism: trimethoprim

A

bacteriostatic, inhibits nucleotide synthesis, acts on DHFR

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19
Q

specificity: trimethoprim

A

used primarily to treat urinary tract infections

also prophylaxis of pneumonia and shigellosis

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20
Q

toxicity: trimethroprim

A

bone marrow toxicity

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21
Q

mechanism: sulfonamides

A

bacteriostatic, inhibits nucleotide synthesis, acts on PABA synthesis

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22
Q

spectrum: sulfonamides

A

broad, urinary tract e. coli, h. flu in children, shigellosis, nocardiosis, chnacroid

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23
Q

toxicity: sulfonamides

A

erythtrema multiformis
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
photosensitivity/ drug rash

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24
Q

mechanism: streptogramnins

A

bacteriostatic (alone)
acts on 50S to
cause premature release of a polypeptide, different from all similar drugs

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25
Q

spectrum: streptogramnins

A

quinopristin and dalfopristin treat blood stream infections and reistant streps

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26
Q

toxicity: streptogramnins

A

itching and irritation at infusion site

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27
Q

mechanism: telithromycin

A

acts on 50S, acts similar to macrolides without cross reaction (bacteriostatic)

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28
Q

spectrum: telithromycin

A

(ketek) used against community aquired bacteria

especially those resistant to macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)

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29
Q

toxicity: telithromycin

A

pseudomembranous colitis (clostridium difficle overgrowth)

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30
Q

mechanism: linezolid

A

bacteiro-static or cidal depending on strain

blocks 50S RNA

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31
Q

spectrum: linezolid

A

bacteriostatic against enterococci and staphylococci

bactericidal against pneumococci

32
Q

toxicity: linezolid

A

not common

33
Q

mechanism: clindamycin

A

bacteriostatic, acts on 50S to block peptide bond formation

34
Q

spectrum: clindamycin

35
Q

toxicity: clindamycin

A

pseudomembranous colitis due to c. diff overgrowth

36
Q

mechanism: macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)

A

bacteriostatic:
bind to 50S and
prevent release of uncharged tRNA

37
Q

spectrum: macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)

A

broad

azith: genital tract and resp
erythro: similar but worse side effects
clarithromycin: heliobacter and mycobacterium

38
Q

toxicity: macrolides (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)

A

? bacterial overgrowth

39
Q

mechanism: chloramphenicol

A

bacteriostatic: binds to 50s and blocks action of peptidyl peptidase (in mitochondria too)

40
Q

spectrum: chloramphenicol

A

bacteriostatic: some, such as S. Tyhphi
bacteriocidal: meningitis H. flu, s. pneumoniae, n. meningitidis

41
Q

toxicity: chloramphenicol

A

gray baby syndrome, bone marrow suppression, asplastic anemia

due to suppression of mitochondrial ribosomes

42
Q

mechanism: tetracycline

A

baceriostatic drugs that
bind to 30S and
prevent release of tRNA from acceptor site, selective uptake

43
Q

spectrum: tetracycline

A

very broad

doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline

44
Q

toxicity: tetracycline

A
  1. supression of normal flora in gut and vagina
  2. brown staining of children’s teeth
  3. chelate iron
  4. photosensitivity and rash
45
Q

doxycycline: class

A

tetracycline drug

46
Q

minocycline: class

A

tetracycline drug

47
Q

oxytetracycline: class

A

tetracycline drug

48
Q

mechanism: aminoglycosides

A

act on 30S to block intiation

49
Q

spectrum: aminoglycosides

A

gram negative rods

streptomycine: TB, tularemia, plague, brucellosis
gentamicin: gram negative infections

50
Q

toxicity: aminoglycosides

A
  1. toxic to kidneys
  2. toxic to vestibular portion of CN VIII
    * poor penetration to CSF, injections are necessary
51
Q

mechanism: bacitracin

A

cell wall, bactericidal, blocks lipid carrier of peptidoglycan

52
Q

spectrum: bacitracin

A

skin infections

53
Q

toxicity: bacitracin

A

highly, must be administered topically

54
Q

mechanism: cycloserine

A

cell wall, analogue of D-alanine

55
Q

spectrum: cycloserine

A

TB, second line

56
Q

toxicity: cycloserine

A

neurologic side effects due to its penetration of CNS and binding to glutamine channels

57
Q

azetronam: class

A

monobactam, beta lactam good against gram negative rods

58
Q

mechanism: vancomycin

A

baceriocidal , glycopeptide that inhibits transpeptidation

59
Q

spectrum: vancomycin

A

bacterocidal against gram positive bacteria

60
Q

toxicity: vancomycin

A

red man syndrome

61
Q

mechanism: carbapanems

A

cell wall, beta lactam, bactericidal

62
Q

spectrum: carbapanems

A

very broad: gram positive, gram negative, and anerobes

63
Q

toxicity: carbapanems

A

well tolerated with few resistant strains

64
Q

cefazolin: class

A

cephalosporin beta lactam

65
Q

cephalexin: class

A

cephalosporinbeta lactam

66
Q

cefuroxinme: class

A

cephalosporin beta lactam

67
Q

cefoxitin: class

A

cephalosporin beta lactam

68
Q

cef___: class

A

cephalosporinbeta lactam

69
Q

cephalosporins: mechanism

A

bactericidal drugs that block cross linking transpeptidase of cell walls

70
Q

cephalosporin: spectrum

A

very broad, generations formulated for specialized targets

71
Q

cephalosporin: toxicity

A

much lower hyersensitivity

72
Q

amoxicillin: class

A

penicillin

73
Q

ampicillin: class

A

penicillin

74
Q

mechanism: penicillins

A

bacteriocidal

cell wall, block transpeptidation

75
Q

spectrum: penicillins

A

penicillin G: gram positive cocci

ampicillin/ amoxicillin: gram negative rods

76
Q

toxicity: penicillins

A

may cause hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis or drug rash

Microbiology (4 decks)

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