Antibiotics

Question 1

what is a fever the hallmark sign of?

Answer 1

infection

Question 2

what is a drug induced fever and what three things cause it?

Answer 2

fever in the absence of infection
1.B-lactams
2. nitrofurantoin
3. sulfonamides

Question 3

what could give a false negative for a fever (mask it)?

Answer 3

antipyretics (ASA, APAP, NSAIDs)
corticosteroids

Question 4

what do most infections result in? (hint: WBCs)

Answer 4

leukocytosis
-look for elevated neutrophils (granlulocytes)

Question 5

local signs of pain and inflammation

Answer 5

1. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
2. C-reactive protein (CRP)
3. Interleukin (IL)
4. Tumor Necrosis alpha (TNF-alpha)

Question 6

Cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 6

1. red
2. hot
3. swollen
4. painful

Question 7

what inhibits prostaglandins?

Answer 7

NSAIDS
ASA
APAP

Question 8

Inflammatory chemicals

Answer 8

1. prostaglandins
2. histamine
   3, complement kinins

Question 9

common bacteria that cause upper respiratory infection

Answer 9

1. Strep pyogenes
2. strep pneumoniae
3. H. flu
4. M. cat

Question 10

Common bacteria that cause meningitis

Answer 10

1. strep pneimoniae
2. neisseria
3. H. flu
4. GBS/e coli
5. Listeria

Question 11

Common bacteria that cause lower respiratory infection (acquired from community)

Answer 11

1. strep pneumoniae
2. H. flu

atypicals: Legionella, mycoplasma, enteric GN

Question 12

Common bacteria that cause lower respiratory infection (acquired from the hospital)

Answer 12

1. staph
2. pseudomonas
3. enteric GN
   strep pneumoniae

Question 13

Bacteria that cause a UTI

Answer 13

1. e coli
2. proteus
3. klebsiella
4. staph saprophyticus
5. enterococcus

Question 14

bacteria that cause bone and joint infections

Answer 14

1. stap aureus
2. staph epidermidis
3. streptococci
4. enterococcus
5. neisserria

Question 15

bacteria that cause intra-abdominal infection

Answer 15

1. enteric GN
2. enterococcus
3. streptococcus
4. bacteroides spp.

Question 16

bacteria that cause endocarditis

Answer 16

1. staphylococcus
2. strep viridans
3. enterococcus
4. HACEK

Question 17

Types of Cultures

Answer 17

1. Blood: 2+ sets depending on indication, at least 15 minutes apart
2. Urine: midstream
3. sputum: hard to collect

Question 18

Gram positive

Answer 18

PURPLE
-thick cell wall

Question 19

Gram Negative

Answer 19

PINK
-thin cell wall

Question 20

Atypical organisms

Answer 20

do not stain well
(consider acid-fast stain)

Question 21

Classification of bacteria

Answer 21

1. rods (bacilli)
2. spirals
3. spheres (cocci)

Question 22

anaerobic bacteria

Answer 22

-unable to grow in presence of oxygen
-normally inhabit oral cavity, GI tract, and female genital tract

Question 23

Anaerobic bacteria that cause pathogenic infections (gram positive)

Answer 23

-gram positive bacilli: clostridium (spore forming)
-gram positive cocci: peptostreptococcus (nonspore forming)

Question 24

anaerobic bacteria that causes pathogenic infections (gram negative)

Answer 24

Bacteroides
-B. fragilis

Question 25

when to convert from IV to PO Abx

Answer 25

-pt is clinically improving, has a well functioning GI tract, can take PO medications

Question 26

Requirement of Abx dose when converting from IV to PO (5 examples)

Answer 26

high bioavailability with clear equivalence 1. fluoroquinolnes 2. doxycycline 3. metronidazole 4. linezolid 5. SMX/TMP

Question 27

ABx that target the cell wall and prevent cell wall synthesis (MOA is cell wall synthesis): beta lactams

Answer 27

1. penicillins 2. cephalosporins 3. carbapenems 4. monobactams *all beta lactums are cousins

Question 28

ABx that target the cell wall and prevent cell wall synthesis (MOA is cell wall synthesis): vancomycin

Answer 28

bacitracin

Question 29

ABx that target the cell membrane and prevent cell wall synthesis (MOA is cell wall synthesis)

Answer 29

polymyxins

Question 30

ABx that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis by impacting folate synthesis

Answer 30

sulfonamides trimethoprim

Question 31

Abx that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis by impacting NDA gyrase

Answer 31

quinolones

Question 32

Abx that interfer with nucleic acid synthesis by impacting RNA polymerase

Answer 32

rifampin

Question 33

Abx that interfere with protein synthesis by impacting the 50S subunit

Answer 33

macrolides clindamycin linezolid

Question 34

Abx that interfere with protein synthesis by impacting the 30S subunit

Answer 34

tetracyclines aminoglycosides

Question 35

pediatric pearls

Answer 35

-reconstituted meds expire in 10-14 days -some reconstituted meds required refridgeration -cefdinir can turn stool red -make sure to round dose so parents don't have to

Question 36

acute uncomplicated otitis media

Answer 36

amoxicillin 90mg/kg/day divided into 3 doses for 10 days