ANTIBIOTICS

Question 1

DEF. ANTIOBIOTCS

Answer 1

These are substances produced by microorganisms, which suppress the growth or kill other microorganisms at very low concentration.

Question 2

DEF CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS

Answer 2

The synthetic agents which are capable to inhibit or kill the microorganism.

Question 3

DEF. MIC

Answer 3

It is the minimum concentration of an antibiotic that prevent growth of microorganisms.

Question 4

DEF. MBC

Answer 4

Minimum bacterial concentration

It is the minimum concentration of drug
that kit or inhibit the microorganism.

Question 5

DEF. ANTISEPTIC

Answer 5

The agents which are used on living surface (mouth skin) are called antispetic.

Question 6

DEF. DISINFECTANTS

Answer 6

The agents which are used for inanimate objects (instrument, water supply) are called disinfectants.

Question 7

DEF. ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS.

Answer 7

The drugs which are used for killing or inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms.

Question 8

CLASSIFY ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS.

Answer 8

A. Acc to source
B. Acc to mechanism of action
C. Acc to spectrum of activity
D. Acc to mode of action

Question 9

Acc to source :

Answer 9

1. Actinomycetes:
   cholramphenicol, streptomycin, gentamycin erythromycin.
2. From fungi :
   Penicillin, chephalosporin, griseofulvin
3. From bacteria :
   Bacitracin, Polymixin

Question 10

A cconding to mechanism of action

Answer 10

1. Cell wall synthesis inhibitor
   • Penicilin
   • Cephalosporin
   • Baciracin
   • Imipenem

2 Protein synthesis inhibitor:
• Macrolids
• Aminoglycosides
• Tetracycline
• Chloramphenicol
• Clindamycin

3. Neuclic acid synthesis inhibitor
   • Sultonamide
   • Trimethoprim
   • Rifampicin

Question 11

According to spectrum of activity:

Answer 11

1. Broad spectrum :

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Quinolones, Macrolids,
Aminoglycosides

2. Narrow spectrum :

Penicillin-G,Flucloxacillin,INH, Cloxacillin

Question 12

According to mode of action:

Answer 12

1. Bacteriocidal :

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Quinilones, Aminoglycosides
Metronidazole

2. Bacteriostatic :

Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim.

Question 13

According to clinical uses

Answer 13

Antibacterial drug: Penicillin, Cephalosporin

• Antiprotozoal:Metronidazole, Secnidazole, Ornidazole, Tinidazole

• Antihelminthic:Albendazole,Mebendazole, Ivermectin,Levamisole

Antifungal: Fluconazole, Kitoconazole,Itraconzole

Antiviral drugs: Acyclovir, Pancyclovir, Limovudin

Question 14

Principles of antimicrobial therapy

Answer 14

1.Poper diagnosis of the disease

2. Identify the causative organism(C/S)

3.Selection of the appropriate antimicrobials- by considering-
Drugs: Cost, dose, duration and routs of drug administration
Patients: Age, Sex
Diseases (CKD,Liver disease )
Other associated factors:
Pregnanacy, Lactating mother

4.Choice the proper combination therapy

Question 15

Types of antimicrobial therapy

Answer 15

1.Empiric therapy: Starting of the antimicrobial therapy before identif the.
causative organism

2.Specific therapy: Starting of the antimicrobial therapy after C/S report.

Question 16

Drugs safe in pregnancy and lactation

Answer 16

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Monobactum
Vancomycin
Carbapenam
Clindamycin
Azithromycin

Question 17

principles of rational use of drug:

Answer 17

1 Appropiate choice of drug after appropiate diagnosis of disease
2 . Apropiate patient and dose and duration of the drugs.
3. Effectiveness of drug
4. Affordibility
5. Easily available
6. Reasonable price

Question 18

Treatment failure

Answer 18

Loss of response of a drug due to some reasons is called treatment failure.

Question 19

Causes of treatment failure

Answer 19

Delayed initiation of treatment

Imperical therapy

Selection of inappropriate drug

Drug resistance

Immunopression by AIDS/Malignancy/Malnutrition/leukemia.
Superinfection

Presence of pus/foreign body

Question 20

Treatment Failure is overcome by

Answer 20

1.Proper diagnosis of disease
2 . Specific therapy
3. Selection of proper drug with right dose and duration.

Question 21

DEF. Antibiotic resistance

Answer 21

The ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the affects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive.

Question 22

Drug resistance:

Answer 22

The unresponsiveness of a microorganism to antimicrobial agebts.

Question 23

Development of drug resistance:

Answer 23

The resistance may be -
1.Natural resistance and is determined by genetically.
2. Acquired resistance and is determined by gene transfer

Question 24

DEF. Superinfection/Secondary effect/Opportunistic infection:

Answer 24

It is the new infection produced by the antimicrobial drugs during the treatment of primary disease.

Question 25

Site of superinfection:

Answer 25

Oral cavity
Intestine
Respiratory tract
Genitourinary tract

Question 26

Drugs which cause superinfection are

Answer 26

Amoxili, Ampilin, Cephalosporin, Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol

Question 27

Organism causes super infection:

Answer 27

Candida albicans
Proteus
Pseudomonus
Sth.aureus

Question 28

Management of superinfection:

Answer 28

Stop the drug immediately
Vit.B complex
C/S
Administration of appropriate antimicrobial after C/S report

Question 29

Def. Antimicrobial combination:

Answer 29

Administration/Using of combinedly two or moer than two antimicrobial drugs are called antimicrobial combination.

Question 30

Benefits of Antimicrobial combination:

Answer 30

Increase efficacy/Synergistic effects
Decrease adverse effects of one another.
Decrease treatment duration
Decrease dose frequency
Decrease chance of development of drug resistance
Decrease cost effectiveness
• Increase patient compliance

Question 31

Post antibiotic effects

Answer 31

Continous supression of bacterial growth after exposure to an antimicrobial agent even removal of the agents from the environment.