Antibiotics Flashcards
The antimicrobial selected is considered the golden standard for treatment bcs they best suppress/kill the microorganisms known to be the most common cause of the infection
Empiric Therapy
Antimicrobials in this type of therapy are used to prevent an infection. This is usually observed when the clients are scheduled to have a procedure in which the likelihood of microorganisms being present is high
Prophylactic Therapy
Occurs when there is an actual decrease in the specific signs and symptoms of infection compared with baseline findings (fever, elevated, WBC count, redness, inflammation, drainage, pain)
Therapeutic response
This happens when antimicrobial therapy is ineffective
Sub-therapeutic response
This can result from using a different route of administration, inadequate drainage of abscess, poor antimicrobial penetration to the infected area, sub therapeutic serum levels of the agent, resistance to the drug, miscalculation of appropriate dosage, misdiagnosis leading to inappropriate drug of choice
Sub-therapeutic Response
administered in the treatment of bacterial infections
Antibiotics
True or false:
Because antibiotics affect bacteria, they may also affect those bacteria that are part of the body’s normal flora
True
This type of drug includes penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, Beta lactams, sulfonamides
Antibiotics
What are the 8 major types of antibiotics
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporins
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolides
- Tetracyclines
- Fluoroquinolones / Quinolones
- Sulfonamides
- Miscellaneous Antibiotics
What are the 2 kinds of antibiotic resistance?
Inherent resistance
Acquired resistance
It is the actions taken to prevent a disease
Prophylaxis
Before starting antibiotic therapy, where procedure is done to the obtained specimen to make sure the correct medication is given and ensure that the organism is bacterium and that such bacterium is sensitive to the planned antibiotic
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
The signs of this condition include:
- black furry tongue
- creamy vaginal discharge
- severe perineal itching
- abdominal cramps
- diarrhea
- stomatitis, possibly glossitis in severe cases
superinfection
what are the 7 signs of superinfection
- black furry tongue
- creamy vaginal discharge
- severe perineal itching
- abdominal cramps
- diarrhea
- stomatitis
- Possibly glossitis in severe cases
A special type of infection occurring when a client is receiving or has recently been given antibiotic treatment
Superinfection
This infection develops when the normal flora is changed. Allows growth of bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic given
Superinfection
Clients are more susceptible to superinfection if placed on _______ ________ early not considering the type of bacteria causing the infection
Broad-spectrum antbiotics
True or false:
When using IV or IM route in antibiotics, inject fast to minimize local irritation and phlebitis
False (slow administration)
When should you change IV site?
Every 48-72 hours
True are false:
Meds can be saved for future use and can be given to others with the same type of infection
False
True or false
The Client should inform or notify the health care provider if condition fails to improve or there is no change from baseline findings in several days
True
If the patient’s GI tract is sensitive to the antibiotic drug, should you administer on full stomach?
Yes
What are the 5 things to inform the client about the antibiotic drug?
- name
- purpose
- therapeutic effect
- complications to report
- when to stop taking drugs
What are the two kinds of antibiotics according to the bacterial spectrum?
- Broad spectrum
- Narrow spectrum
This bacterial spectrum can affect both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Broad spectrum
What bacterial spectrum affects either gram-positive or gram-negative but never both spectrum of bacteria
Narrow spectrum
What are the two kinds of antibiotics according to activity
- Bactericidal
- Bacteriostatic
This kind of antibiotic destroys the entire cell structure killing bacteria
Bactericidal
This antibiotic infiltrates the cell structure and disturbs the reproductive capacity of the bacteria suppressing growth. Or, isolates the bacteria on a specific area for easier targeting of the body’s immune system
Bacteriostatic
This kind of antibiotic is derived from cultures of molds or manufactured semi synthetically
Penicillin
1st generation penicillins are natural extracts from what mold?
Penicillium mold
Natural penicillins are potent _______________;
they have little to no coverage against _______________ organisms.
Gram-positive bactericidals
Gam-negative
True or false
Penicillins have a virtually untoward effect in human cells
false
What kind of antibiotic is penicillin according to activity?
Bactericidal
What is the least toxic drug known?
Penicillin
What drug is also called the miracle drug that was founded during the spanish flu
Penicillin
What 3 kinds of gram-positive bacteria do penicillin target?
1.Streptococcus
2. Enterococcus
3. Staphylococcus
This drug causes prophylaxis against sub-acute bacterial endocarditis, rheumatic heart dse and chronic heart dse undergoing surgery, childbirth (C-section) or dental procedure
Penicillin
Penicillin allergic reaction occurs in ____ to ____ of treatment courses
0.7% to 8%
What 2 conditions are side or adverse effects of penicillin
Urticaria & Pruritus
True or false
When giving penicillins, you should give the oral form on an empty stomach with full glass of water
True
What condition of the stomach aids absorption of oral penicillins
Acidic stomach
What may be given to increase blood levels of penicillin
Probenecid
Penicillin IV solutions are stable at room temperature for ________only
24 hours
True or false:
It is okay to not give the penicillin IV solutions right away after preparing
False
What can clients, allergic to penicillin, also be allergic from due to their same compounds?
Cephalosporin
Beta-lactams
When taking oral contraceptives together with penicillins, what would happen to the effectivity of the contraceptive?
Decrease effectivity and might lead to unplanned pregnancies
What are the 3 kinds of Beta-lactam inhibitors?
- Clavulanic Acid
- Sulbactam
- Tazobactam
True or false
When a Beta-lactamase enzyme inhibitor is present, it does not affect the effectivity of Penicillins
False
Beta-lactam inhibitors are not given alone but are combined with what?
Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin
What are the 3 medications are formed with the combination of Penicillinase-sensitive penicillin and Beta-lactam inhibitors?
- Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (oral)
- Ampicillin-sulbactam
- Piperacillin-tazobactam (parenterally)
