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CPT > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

Uses of Nitrofurantoin

A

Lower UTI (cystitis)
Prophylaxis of UTIs

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Nitrofurantoin?

A
  • affects bacterial protein synthesis, DNA + RNA
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3
Q

What are the adverse effects of Nitrofurantoin?

A
  • brown/orange urine
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • hepatic disorders
  • anaemia
  • peripheral neuropathy
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4
Q

Uses of trimethoprim

A

Lower UTI (cystitis)
Prophylaxis of UTIs

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim/?

A
  • Folate antagonist
  • inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase > inhibits tetrahydrofolate production needed for RNA, DNA + protein synthesis
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6
Q

What are the adverse drug reactions of trimethoprim?

A

Life threatening hyperkalaemia

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7
Q

What are the contraindications of trimethoprim?

A

Risk of teratogenicity in first trimester of pregnancy

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8
Q

Examples of aminoglycosides

A
  • gentamicin
  • vancomycin
  • streptomycin
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9
Q

What class of drug is gentamicin?

A

Aminoglycoside

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10
Q

What are the uses of gentamicin?

A
  • sepsis
  • otitis externa
  • endocarditis
  • meningitis
  • biliary tract infection
  • pneumonia
  • prostatitis
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11
Q

What are the adverse drug reactions of gentamicin?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

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12
Q

What are the important drug drug interaction of trimethoprim?

A

methotrexate
- both folate antagonists
- both inhibit dihydrofolate reductase
- consequence of severe bone marrow suppression

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13
Q

What is co-amoxiclav composed of?
Why is the addition useful?

A

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
- addition of beta lactamase inhibitor to overcome resistance in beta lactamase secreting bacteria

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14
Q

Examples of penicillins

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Flucolaxacillin
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • phenoxymethylpenicillin
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15
Q

What class of drugs are penicillins?

A

Beta lactams

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of beta lactams?

A

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

17
Q

What are the uses of penicillins?

A
  • bacterial meningitis
  • bone, joint, skin + soft tissue infections
  • otitis media
  • CAP (amoxicillin)
  • UTIs
  • STIs
  • cellulitis (flucloxacillin)
  • tonsillitis (phenoxymethylpenicillin)
18
Q

What factor is the most important for determining when to change IV antibitoics to enteral route?

A

Overall clinical picture + patient improvement

19
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

A
  • antibitoics kill bacteria but resistant strains remain due to not finishing course
  • antibiotic resistant bacteria multiply
  • antibitoic resistance spreads
20
Q

What are the first line antibitoics based on CURB-65 score?

A
  • 0-1 low severity: amoxicillin PO
  • 2 mild severity: amoxicillin PO AND clarithromycin PO
  • 3-5 severe: co amoxiclav IV AND clarithromycin PO or IV
21
Q

Examples of macrolides

A

Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Azithromycin

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

A

Protein synthesis inhibition 50S

23
Q

What are the important drug drug interactions of macrolides?

A

They are CYP3A4 inhibitors: risk of overdose with verapamil + simvastatin

24
Q

Types of beta lactams

A
  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • carbapenems
  • monobactams
25
Q

What are the uses of aciclovir?

A
  • Herpes simplex infection (gential herpes, encephalitis)
  • varicella zoster infection (chicken pox + shingles)
26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aciclovir?

A

DNA polymerase inhibitor

27
Q

Examples of cephalosporins

A
  • cefalexin
  • Ceftriaxone
28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cephalosporins?

A

Beta lactam so inhibits cell wall synthesis

29
Q

Examples of tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline
Doxycycline

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors 30s

31
Q

What are the uses of tetracyclines

A
  • atypical respiratory tract infections
  • acne
  • chlamydia
  • Lyme disease
32
Q

Treatment of pyelonephritis

A
  • co-amoxiclav
  • cefalexin
  • trimethoprim
  • Ciprofloxacin
33
Q

When can aciclovir be used in treatment of HSV?

A

Against HSV1+2 ??

34
Q

When should antibiotics prescriptions be reviewed?

A
  • after senior review of patients
  • after any change in clinical condition
  • daily during ward round
  • after receipt of relevant investigations

CPT (28 decks)

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