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PCLGY > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

A

antibiotics

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2
Q

preventing the growth of bacteria

A

bacteriostatic

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3
Q

killing bacteria directly

A

bactericidal

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4
Q

cause bacteria to build weak cell walls when dividing

A

cephalosporins

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5
Q

interfere with the DNA enzymes needed for growth and reproduction

A

Fluoroquinolones

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6
Q

change protein synthesis by binging to ribosome within the cell to cause cell death or prevent cell division

A

aminoglycosides
macrolides
oxazolidinones

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7
Q

change protein function and prevent cell division or cause cell death

A

carbapenems
ketolides
lincosamides

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8
Q

alter cell membranes to allow leakage of intracellular substances and cause cell death

A

aztreionam
lipoglycopeptides

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9
Q

prevent bacteria from building their cells during division

A

Penicillins

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10
Q

inhibit folic acid synthesis for RNA and DNA production

A

sulfonamides

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11
Q

inhibit protein synthesis thereby preventing reproduction

A

tetracyclines

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12
Q

Antimycobacterial drugs affect mycobacteria in three ways

A
  1. affect mycotic coat of the bactera
  2. alter DNA and RNA
  3. prevent cell division
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13
Q

What is the goal of antibiotic therapy

A

to decrease the population of invading bacteria to a point at which the human inflammatory/immune system can effectively deal with the invader

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14
Q

is done to determine the antibiotic to which that articular organism is most sensitive

A

sensitivity testing

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15
Q

bacteria are those whose cell wall retains a stain known as Gram stain or resist decolorization with alcohol during culture and sensitivity testing

A

Gram-positive

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16
Q

Gram positive bacteria are commonly associated with infections of the
1.
2.

A
  1. respiratory tract
  2. soft tissues
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17
Q

are those cell walls lose a stain or are decolorized by alcohol

RED

A

gram negative bacteria

18
Q

Gram negative bacteria are frequently associated with infections of the
1.

A

genitourinary (GU) or GI tract

19
Q

depend on oxygen for survival

A

aerobic bacteria

20
Q

bacteria that do not use oxygen

A

anaerobic bacteria

21
Q

are a group of powerful antibiotics used to treat serious infections cause by Gram-negative aerobic bacilli

A

aminoglycosides

22
Q

What are the aminoglycosides drugs?

A

amikacin
gentamicin
neomycin
streptomycin
tobramycin

23
Q

treatment of serious gram negative infections

A

amikacin

Dose: 15 mg/kg/d
Route: IM or IV

reduce dose in renal failure

24
Q

treatment of Pseudomonas infections and a wide variety of gram-negative infections

A

gentamicin

Adult
Dose: 3 mg/kg/d
Route: IM or IV in three equal doses
Frequency: q8h

Pediatric
Dose: 2-2.5 mg/kg/d
Route: IV or IM
Frequency: q8h

ADD NOTES:
Peak: 30-90 mins
Half-life: 2-3 hours
Adverse effects: sinusitis, dizziness, rash, fever, risk of nephrotoxicity

25
Q
  • Suppression of GI normal flora preoperatively
  • treatment of hepatic coma
  • topical treatment of skin wounds
A

neomycin (Mycifradin)

Adult
Dose: 4-12 g/d in divided doses
Route: PO
Frequency: 5-6 days

Pediatric
Dose: 50-100 mg/kg/d in divided doses
Route: PO for hepatic coma

26
Q
  • Fourth drug in combination therapy regimen for treatment of tuberculosis
  • treatment of severe infections
A

Streptomycin

Adult
Dose: 1-2 g/d
Route: IM in divided doses
Frequency: q6-12h

Pediatric
Dose: 20-40 mg/kg/d
Route: IM in divided doses
Frequency: q6-12h

27
Q
  • Short-term IV or IM treatment of serious infections
  • ocular infections caused by susceptible bacteria
  • nebulizer management of cystic fibrosis and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections
A

tobramycin

Adult
Dose: 3 mg/kg/d in three equal doses
Route: IM or IV
Frequency: q8h
Add notes: 300 mg bid by nebulizer

Pediatric
Dose: 6-7.5 mg/kg/d
Route: IM or IV in 3 to 4 equally divided doses
Add notes: 300 mg bid by nebulizer

28
Q

aminoglycosides are (bacteriostatic or bactericidal) ________

A

bactericidal (kills bacteria)

29
Q

Aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed from the ____ but rapidly absorbed after ____

Peak levels: ______
Half life: ______

A

GI tract (poor)
IM (rapid)
Peak levels: 1 hour
Half life: 2-3 hours

30
Q

Aminoglycosides are contraindicated in:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

A
  1. Known allergy
  2. renal or hepatic disease
  3. preexisting hearing loss
  4. active infection with herpes or mycobacterial infections
  5. myasthenia gravis (weakness in the skeletal muscles) or parkinsonism (neurological disorder)
  6. lactation
31
Q

streptomycin is very toxic to ____ and ____

A

eight cranial nerve (Vestibulocochlear)
kidney

32
Q

Most aminoglycosides have a synergistic bactericidal effect when given with ____

A

penicillins or cephalosporins

33
Q

AVOID combining aminoglycosides with ____

Why?

A

diuretics

increases ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotocicity

34
Q

are a relatively new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A

carbapenems

35
Q

treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections or complicated UTIs including
1. pyelonephritis (bacteria infection causing inflammation to the kidney)

A

Doripenem (Doribax)

Dosage: 500 mg
Route: IV
Frequency: over 1 hour q8h for 5-14 days

36
Q

Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, complicated GU infections, acute pelvic infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections, skin-skin structure infections

A

ertapenem

Adult
Dose: 1 g/d
Route: IV or IM
Frequency: 5-14 days

Pediatrics
Dose: 15 mg/kg
Route: IM or IV
Frequency: bid for 3-14 days

37
Q

Treatment of serious respiratory, intra-abdominal, urinary tract, gynecological, bone and joint, skin and skin structure infections

  • septicemia (blood poisoning by bacteria
  • endocarditis ( inflammation of the inside of the heart caused by bacteria)
  • bone and joint infections
  • polymicrobic infections
A

imipenem-cilastatin

Dosage: 500 mg
Route: IV
Frequency : q6h

or

Dosage: 1000 mg
Route: IV
Frequency: q8h

38
Q

Treatment of bacterial meningitis
- complicated skin structure infections
- intra-abdominal infections

A

meropenem

Adult
Dose: 500-1000 mg
Route: IV
Frequency: q8h

Pediatric
Dose: 500 mg to 2g
Route: IV
Frequency: q8h

39
Q

Treatment of adults with complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis

A

meropenem-vaborbactam

Dose: 4g
Route: IV
Frequency: q8h over 3 hours for up to 14 days

40
Q

Contraindications of carbapenems
1.
2.
3.
4.

A
  1. known allergy to any of the carbapenems or beta-lactams
  2. seizure disorder
  3. meningitis
  4. lactation

PCLGY (4 decks)

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