Antibiotics Flashcards
action of aminoglycosides & target
inhibit protein synthesis, bactericidal
narrow spectrum gram -
suffix for aminoglycosides
-mycin
indication for aminoglycosides
serious systemic infection, pneumonia, skin/bone/ear/pelvic/heart/abdominal infection
aminoglycoside contraindications
allergies
aminoglycoside adverse effects
permanent ototoxicity, transient nephrotoxicity, common hypersensitivity reactions
antibiotic classes with cross-sensitivity risk
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapanems
cephalosporin action & target
inhibit cell wall synthesis, bactericidal
broad or narrow, gram + or -
cephalosporin contraindications
allergy and cross-sensitivity risk
most commonly used class of antibiotic
cephalosporins
what is cefazolin
1st generation cephalosporin used for surgical prophylaxis
importance of cephalosporin classes
increasing ability to target gram -
3rd generation could cross blood-brain barrier
5th generation only drug for MRSA
ceftaroline
5th generation cephalosporin, only drug for MRSA
cephalosporin adverse effects
hypersensitivity, bleeding, thrombophlebitis, rxn with alcohol, pseudomembranous colitis
tetracycline action & target
inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic
broad spectrum, gram + and -
tetracyclines indication for use
acne, periodontal, lyme, peptic ulcers, chlamydia, syphilis
tetracyclines contraindications
allergy, <8yrs old, pregnant or breatfeeding
tetracyclines adverse effects
GI irritation, risk of superinfection, photosensitivity, binds to Ca and Fe, damaging to bones and teeth, antagonistic to bactericidal antibiotics
penicillins action and target
weakens cell wall, bactericidal
broad or narrow spectrum, gram + and -
penicillins indication for use
UTI, meningitis, syphilis, respiratory infections
penicillins contraindications
serious allergy
least toxic class of antibiotics
penicillins
penicillins adverse effects
disturb normal GI flora, N/V/D, abdominal pain, most common cause of drug allergy
significance of penicillin G
high in potassium which can cause life threatening cardiac rhythm disturbances
sulfonamides action and target
prevent synthesis of folic acid, bacteriostatic
broad spectrum, gram + and -
what makes sulfonamides different from other antibiotics
only one to target folic acid
indication for use of sulfonamides
UTI, otitis media, pneumonia bronchitis, GI infection
sulfonamides contraindication
Allergy, pregnancy
effects of sulfonamides taken during pregnancy
1st trimester - birth defects
late pregnancy - increased fetal bilirubin causing brain damage
sulfonamides adverse effects
fatal blood abnormalities (hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia), crystals in urine, Steven-Johnson syndrome, hyperkalemia, rash, photosensitivity
Stevens-Johnson syndrom
adverse effect from antibiotics
develop flu-like symptoms then rash and skin essentially gets eaten away, appears like severe burn
life threatening
why are sulfonamides less commonly used
increased allergies and resistant infections
what is TMP sulfamethoxazole
trimethoprim (TMP) and a sulfonamide, commonly used for community acquired infections in children
sulfonamide prefix
sulfa -
penicillin suffix
-cillin
tetracyclines suffix
-cycline
another name for flouroquinolones
quinolones
flouroquinolones action and target
inhibit DNA replication, bactericidal
broad spectrum, gram + and -
flouroquinolones suffix
-floxacin
flouroquinolones indication for use
UTI, lower respiratory/bone/skin/joint infection, STI
flouroquinolones contraindications
pregnant, child
flouroquinolones adverse effects
N/V/D, oral and vaginal candida infection, CNS effects (dizzy/restless/confused, neuromuscular excitability), photosensitivity, tendonitis and tendon rupture (especially in elderly), long QT interval (can cause ventricular fibrillation), damage to bones and cartilage, crystals in urine, dangerous interactions with caffeine, dilantin/phenytoin and warfarin, C. difficile risk
what drugs interact dangerously with flouroquinolones
caffeine, dilantin/phenytoin, warfarin
carbapenems action and target
inhibits cell wall synthesis, bactericidal
broad spectrum, gram + and -, anaerobic organisms
what antibiotic can be used for anaerobic organisms
carbapenems
carbapenem suffix
-penem
carbapenem indication for use
mixed and complicted infections, life-threatening and multidrug resistant infection
carbapenem contraindication
allergy, pregnant/breasfeeding, history of seizures
carbapenem adverse effects
injection site reactions, N/V/D, skin rash
why are superinfections dangerous when taking carbapenems
usually a last resort medications when others have been unsuccessful
macrolides action and target
inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic (or bactericidal in high concentration)
broad spectrum, gram + and some -
macrolide indications for use
respiratory/skin/soft tissue infection, group A strep, syphilis, lyme disease, gonorrhoea, chlamydia
macrolide suffix
-mycin
macrolide contraindication
prolonged QT interval, hepatic disease, pregnant/breastfeeding
what can you give a pt who is allergic to penicillins and sulfas
macrolides
macrolide adverse effects
prolonged QT interval, sudden cardiac death, hepatotoxic, GI effects, transient ototoxicity
lincosamides action and target
inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic
narrow spectrum gram +
lincosamides indication for use
upper and lower respiratory infection, skin infection, acne, bacterial vaginosis
lincosamides contraindication
allergy, use caution with history of ulcerative colitis or antibiotic-associated colitis
lincosamides adverse effects
C. difficile associated diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, superinfection, Stevens-johnson syndrome, blood abnormalities (hemolytic anemia, thrmbocytopenia)
what is clindamycin
only lincosamide in clinical use
how many lincosamides are in clinical use
1
when do you use clindamycin and why
when other treatments have been unsuccessful because it quickly becomes lethally toxic
glycopeptide action and target
inhibits cell wall synthesis, bactericidal
narrow spectrum gram +
what is a commonly used glycopeptide
vancomycin
glycopeptide suffix
-mycin
glycopeptide indication for use
sepsis, hospital acquired pneumonia, sever skin/bone infection, antibiotic resistant infection, only for serious infections
glycopeptide contraindications
allergy, caution with breastfeeding/pregnant/neonate/elderly
glycopeptide adverse effects
severe nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, vancomycin flushing syndrome, flushing, superinfection, thrombophlebitis
Vancomycin flushing sydrome
administering vancomycin too quickly caused reaction similar to anaphylaxis, have to administer over 1-2 hours
how to decrease irritation at IV site of med being administered
slow rate of drug administration
