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Pharmacology Exam 3 Review > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Inhibit growth of bacteria

A

Bacteriostatic

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2
Q

Kills bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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3
Q

One bactericidal & one bacteriostatic (Desired effect is diminished)

A

Antagonistic

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4
Q

Primary effective against one type (+ or -)
- Penicillin
- Erythromycin

A

Narrow spectrum

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5
Q

Effective against gram (+ & -)
- Tetracycline
- Cephalosporin

A

Broad spectrum

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6
Q
  • Allergy or hypersensitivity
  • Superinfection
  • Organ toxicity
  • GI Distress
  • Steven’s Johnson Syndrome
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Antibiotics

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7
Q

Assessments for (Antibiotics)

A
  • Assess renal function (<600ml/day UO = impaired renal function)
  • Assess Baseline CBC
  • Obtain culture & sensitivity before any antibiotics given
  • Monitor bowel function
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8
Q

Implementation for (Antibiotics)

A
  • Increase fluid intake with all antibiotics
  • Complete entire course of antibiotics
  • Report s/s of (superinfection)
  • Notify HC professional if fever & diarrhea develops (Stools w/ pus, blood, or mucous)
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9
Q

Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid

A

Sulfonamides

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10
Q
  • Photosensitivity
  • Crystalluria
  • Blood dyscrasias
  • Stomatitis
    These are side effects of what drug?
A

Sulfonamides (Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)

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11
Q

Implementations for (Sulfonamides)

A
  • Administered with full glass of water
  • Fluid intake (2000ml/day)
  • Urine output (1200ml/day)
  • Observe for hematologic reactions = (Life-threatening anemia)
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12
Q

Assessments for (Sulfonamides)

A
  • ALT/AST Levels (Liver function)
  • Drug interactions
  • Blood sugar (Diabetics)
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13
Q

Teachings for (Sulfonamides)

A
  • Avoid taking during the last 3 months of pregnancy
  • Avoid direct sunlight’
  • Oral contraceptives are less effective
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14
Q

What is never given alone and is added to penicillin to help prevent the inactivation of penicillin?

A

Beta-Lactamase

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15
Q

Beta-lactam ring interferes with bacterial cell-wall synthesis by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme that is necessary for cell division & cellular synthesis

A

Penicillin

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16
Q

Implementation for (Penicillin)

A
  • Monitor closely during 1st & 2nd dose for allergic reaction
  • Have epinephrine available
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17
Q

Teachings for (Penicillin)

A
  • Taken with food to avoid gastric irritation
  • Oral contraceptives are less effective
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18
Q

Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
- Causes cell death
(Bactericidal)

A

Cephalosporins

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19
Q

Implementation for (Cephalosporins)

A
  • Infuse IV Cephalosporins over 30 minutes to prevent pain & irritation (Phlebitis)
  • Use separate IV lines when administering Calcium salts
  • or flush with a minimum of 10mL of saline before & after IV cephalosporins (when administering calcium salts)
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20
Q

Assessments for (Cephalosporins)

A
  • Allergy to cephalosporins or penicillin
  • ALT/AST levels
  • Drug history (Loop diuretics & anticoagulants)
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21
Q
  • Increases nephrotoxicity w/ (Loop diuretics)
  • Increases bleeding w/ (Anticoagulants)
  • Crystallization if administered w/ same IV as calcium salts (TPN & LR)
    Caused by what drug interaction?
A

Cephalosporins

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22
Q

(-thromycin)
- Commonly used for patients with PCN allergy
- Broad spectrum

A

Macrolides

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23
Q

What route should you not administer Macrolides?

A

Intramuscularly

24
Q

Implementation for (Macrolides)

A
  • Monitor Liver enzymes & signs of liver damage
  • Administer antacids 2 hours before or after macrolides
  • Give (azithromycin) 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals with full glass of water
25
Q

(Doxycycline)
- Broad spectrum
- Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
- Can be used to treat acne

A

Tetracyclines

26
Q
  • Discoloration of permanent teeth & softening of bones & teeth
  • Photosensitivity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Doxycycline (Tetracyclines)

27
Q

Implementation of (Tetracyclines)

A

-Do not administer to pregnant women or children under the age of 8
- Administer drug 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals for best absorption
- Given with full glass of water to prevent GI effects

28
Q

Teaching for (Tetracyclines)

A
  • Avoid sunlight
  • Inform the patient that taking this drug while pregnant can cause teratogenic effects
  • Oral contraceptives less effective (use nonhormonal drugs)
  • Avoid milk products, iron, & antacids
29
Q

(-mycin)
- Gram (-)
- Bactericidal

A

Aminoglycosides

30
Q

Implementation of (Aminoglycosides)

A
  • Monitor intake & output (<600ml/day), BUN, & Creatinine (To identify nephrotoxicity)
  • Monitor hearing & balance (Ototoxicity)
  • Check therapeutic range (peak & trough for IV Aminoglycosides should be drawn every 3rd or 4th dose)
31
Q

Teaching for (Aminoglycosides)

A
  • Report tinnitus or decrease urine output (Normal <600ml/day)
  • Use sun block & wear protective clothing
32
Q

(-floxacin)
- Broad spectrum w/ bactericidal

A

Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones)

33
Q

Implementation for (Fluoroquinolones)

A
  • Monitor intake & urine output (normal output: 750ml/day)
  • Monitor blood sugar (Diabetics taking hypoglycemic agents)
  • Monitor Theophylline levels (Risk of Theophylline toxicity)
  • Monitor HR & Rhythm (Causes QT prolongation)
  • Apply cardiac monitor
34
Q

Teaching for (Fluoroquinolones)

A
  • Encourage pt to drink 2000ml of water per day to prevent (Crystalluria)
  • Avoid sunlight
  • Report pain in their heel or tendon location (risks of Tendonitis & tendon rupture)
35
Q

Drug used for treatment of MRSA
- Treats gram (+)
- Bactericidal

A

Vancomycin

36
Q
  • Red neck or Red Man Syndrome
  • Ototoxicity & Nephrotoxicity
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Vancomycin

37
Q

How should you administer (Vancomycin)?

A

Slowly
- Given 60-90 minutes
- 500mg diluted in 100ml
- 1g diluted in 200ml

38
Q

What causes red neck or red man syndrome?

A

Giving IV vancomycin too rapidly
- Severe hypotension

39
Q

Contraindications for (Vancomycin)

A
  • Renal impairment (Creatinine clearance <80mL/min dosage reduction required)
40
Q

When should trough levels be checked when on (Vancomycin)?

A

Every 3-4 doses
- Request trough levels to be drawn after 4 doses
(Ideal trough lvls: 10-20mcg/ml)

41
Q

(Nitroimidazoles)
- Used for vaginal infections (Bacterial vaginosis)
- Bactericidal, Amoebicidal, & Trichomonacidal

A

Metronidazole

42
Q
  • Headaches
  • Dizziness
  • Urine discoloration
  • Peripheral neuropathy
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Metronidazole

43
Q
  • Circulatory collapse
  • Confusion
  • Visual disturbance
  • Syncope
    (Alcohol hand gel can cause these reaction)
    What is it called when this reaction occurs with alcohol?
A

Disulfiram

44
Q

Route (Oral, Tropical, IV)
Indications: (Herpes simplex-1 & 2)
(IV for Shingles)
(Side effects): Phlebitis & pain at injection site
- Headache, nausea, diarrhea
(IV given slowly to prevent phlebitis)

A

Acyclovir

45
Q

(Routes): PO
(Indications): Influenza A & B
- Started within 48hrs of onset of symptoms
(Tamiflu)

A

Oseltamivir

46
Q

HAART Goal

A

(CD4 Count): >200cells/mm 3
Ideally (>500cells/mm 3)
(Viral Load): (<50 copies/mL) = Undetectable (No risk of transmitting infection)

47
Q
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Peripheral neuropathy (Caused by depletion of B6)
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Isoniazid

48
Q
  • Isoniazid
  • Rifampin
A

Antitubercular drugs

49
Q
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Red-Orange discoloration of body fluids (Staining of clothes & contact lenses)
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Rifampin

50
Q
  • Potent antifungal & dangerous
  • Administered IV in ICU
  • Slowly infused (2-6hours)
A

Amphotericin B

51
Q
  • Cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypomagnesemia
    Side effects of what drug?
A

Amphotericin B

52
Q

(Routes): Oral, Tropical
- Powder (Used in skin folds)
- Ointment (Skin or Vaginally)
- Oral (Swish & Swallow)

A

Nystatin

53
Q
  • Amphotericin B
  • Nystatin
A

Antifungal drugs

54
Q

Teaching for (Nystatin)

A

If given orally
- Shake 1st
- Swish medication thoroughly around mouth (Coating all areas)
- Gargle before swallowing
- Do not drink for 30 minutes after

55
Q

How is Nystatin administered for infants?

A
  • Swab medication with swab stick on the inside of both cheeks, across tongue & roof of mouth

Pharmacology Exam 3 Review (3 decks)

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