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Antibiotics > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antibiotics on bacterial metabolism

A

Drugs:
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE + TRIMETHOPRIM → COTRIMOXAZOL = Urinary, Respiratory, Intestinal infection

SILVERSULFADIAZINE → TOPICAL USE FOR BURNS

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2
Q

Antibiotics on bacterial cell wall: Beta-lactams Penicillins

A

PENICILLINS:

1st gen (natural penicillin): PENICILLIN G & PENICILLIN V

Beta lactamase resistant penicillins: OXICILLIN & METHICILLIN (S.aureus)

2nd gen (aminopenicillins): AMOXICILLIN & AMPICILLIN

3d gen (Carboxypencillins):TICARCILLIN & CARBENICILLIN

4th gen (Ureidopencillins): PIPERACILLIN & MECLOCILLIN

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3
Q

Antibiotics on bacterial cell wall: Beta-lactams Monbactam drug

A
  • Monbactam: AZTREONAM
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4
Q

Antibiotics on bacterial cell wall: Beta-lactams Carbapenem drug

A
  • Carbapenem: IMIPENEM, CARBAPENEM
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5
Q

Antibiotics on bacterial cell wall: Beta-lactams cephalosporins drugs

A
  • Cephalosporins

1st gen: CEPHAZOLINE, CEPHALEXIN, CEPHALOTHIN

2nd gen: CEFUROXIME, CEFACLOR, CEPHONICIDE

3rd: CEFOTAXIME, CEFOTIME, CEFTRIAXONE, CEFIXIME

Could be useful in the treatment of odontogenic infections caused by resistant bacteria.

Nephrotoxicity (1st generation)

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6
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial cell wall: Glycopeptides

A

VANCOMYCIN & TEICOPLANINE

Teicoplanin dont need dose regulation when kidney failure

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7
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial protein synthesis: Macrolides

A

Macrolides: ERYTHROMYCIN, AZITRHOMYCIN, SPIRAMYCIN, CLARITHROMYCIN, TELITHROMYCIN (new family)

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8
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial protein synthesis: Lincosamides

A

CLINDAMYCIN

Good bone penetration

o Bone infections
o Perialveolar abscesses

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9
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial protein synthesis: Tetracyclines

A

TETRACYCLINE, OXYTETRACYCLINE, DOXYCYCLINE, MINOCYCLINE

In dentistry uses = PERIODONTAL DISEASES (broad spectrum + reduce inflammation)

Gradually reduced activity due to overuse!

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10
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial protein synthesis: Aminoglycosides

A

Aminoglycosides: GENTAMYCIN, TOBRAMYCIN, STREPTOMYCIN & NEOMYCIN

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11
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial nucleic acid function & synthesis: Quinolones

A

Quinolones:

1st gen: NALDIXIC ACID & PIPEMIDIC ACID

2nd gen: NORFLOXACIN & CIPROFLOXACIN

3rd gen: LEVOFLOXACIN

4th gen: MOXIFLOXACIN & GATIFLOXACIN

Not used in dentistry

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12
Q

Antibiotic on bacterial nucleic acid function & synthesis: Nitroimidazoles

A

Nitroimidazole: METRONIDAZOLE måste administreras tillsammans med penicillin, macrolide eller cepaholsporin

Use: Oral infections by ANAEROBS!

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13
Q

Penicillin G

A

NARROW SPECTRUM

Main disadvantage: High incidence of hypersensitivity

Rare in dentistry but still used for dental infection

Use: ear, throat, STD infections

Intramuscular injection

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14
Q

Pencillin V

A

aka phenoxymethylpenicillin

Tolerate gastric acid

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15
Q

Methicillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin

A

In infections with staphylococci that produce beta-lactamases

S.aureus

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16
Q

AMOXICILLIN
AMPICILLIN
BACAMPICILLIN
METHAMPICILLIN

A

Number 1 used in dentistry.

Dont tolerate beta-lactamase so needs to be adminstered with clavulanic acid

17
Q

Amoxicillin general and infections?

A

Broad spectrum
Orally
Food don’t interact

Disadvantage: not reistant to b-lactamase enzyme

Odontogenic infections:

  • Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
  • Pericoronaritis
  • Periodontitis
  • Periapical and periodontal abscesses
  • etc.
18
Q

General side effects of all penicillins:

A 
Nauseas
Dyspepsia and epigastric pain 
ü Diarrhea 
Pain in the site of injection
Cutaneous exanthema
Hypersensitivity
19
Q

Drugs commonly causing hypersensitivity

A

Cephalosporins
Penicillin
Sulfonamides

20
Q

3rd and 4th gen penicillins

Carboxypenicillins:

TICARCILILNE
CARBENICILILN

Ureidopenicillins:

PIPERACILLIN
MECLOCILLIN

A

Hospital setting

IV administration

NOT resistant to lactamase enzyme

SERIOUS INFECTIONS

21
Q

Monobactam and carbepenem

A

Mono: Aztreonam

Carbe: Imipenem & Carbapenem

Hospital use

22
Q

Cephalosporins use:

A

Substitutes for penicillins in respiratory or urinary infections, in situations of allergy or bacterial resistance.

Alternative to penicillin G or amoxicillin

Could be useful in the treatment of odontogenic infections caused by resistant bacteria.

23
Q

Cephalosporins 1st gen spectrum

A

Gram + staphylococci and streptococcus

Nephrotoxicity 1st generation

24
Q

Cephalosporins 2nd gen spectrum

A

Spectrum expanded to gram - and some anaerobes

25
Q

Cephalosporins 3rd gen

A 
Hospital use (serious nosocomial infections)
Spectrum expanded
26
Q

Glycopeptides drugs and indications

A

Vancomycin and Teicoplanine

Low TI: Extremely nephro- and ototoxic!!!

Vancomycin and teicoplanine are widely used in the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA).

27
Q

Macrolides

A

ERYTHROMYCIN
CLARITHROMYCIN
AZITHROMYCIN
SPIRAMYCIN

New family: TELITHROMYCIN = Don’t need renal adjustment!

Odontological infections!!!

28
Q

ERYTHROMYCIN

A

Potent enzymatic inhibitor

29
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Fewer interactions than erythromycin
Oral infections
Prophylaxis

30
Q

Azitrhromycin

A

Prophylaxis in dental surgery

31
Q

Spiramycin

A

Used in Dentistry associated with metronidazole for the treatment and prevention of acute, chronic or recurrent oral infections

32
Q

TELITHROMYCIN

A

DOES NOT NEED ADJUSTMENT OF DOSES IN RENAL INSUFFICIENCY

33
Q

Lincosamides: CLINDAMYCIN

A

Alternative to patient with beta-lactam allergy

Very good bone penetrability.

Adverse effect: pseudomembranous colitis ( C.difficile)

34
Q

Tetracyclines

A

In Dentistry, they are used in some periodontal diseases because of their broad spectrum and because they contribute to the IMPROVEMENT OF INFLAMMATION

35
Q

Tigecycline

A

IN DENTISTRY, IT MAY BE USED IN SERIOUS INFLAMMATIONS OF SOFT PARTS IN WHICH ORAL ANAEROBES ARE INVOLVED.

36
Q 
Aminoglycosides:  
GENTAMICIN
TOBRAMYCIN
STREPTOMYCIN
NEOMYCIN
A

Aminoglycosides are bactericidal antibiotics, which bind to ribosomes by preventing protein
synthesis..

Adverse effects:
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Neurotoxicity: neuromuscular blockade

37
Q

Quinolones

A

Not drugs of choice in dental infections

38
Q

Metronidazole

A

ORAL INFECTIONS:caused by ANAEROBES!

main indication of metronidazole is as antiprotozoal

Since metronidazole has little effect on aerobic bacteria, it must be co-administered with a penicillin, cephalosporin or macrolide.

39
Q

Tetracylines adverse effects:

A

Can affect calcium in teeth and bone and should
absolutly not be taken with diary product!
CARIES, MALOCCLUSION, DISCOLORING

Antibiotics (1 decks)

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