Antibiotic side effects Flashcards
What are the main side effects of penicillins?
N+V, Hypersensitivity
What effect do penicillins have on warfarin?
Increase action, kill bacteria that synthesise Vitamin K
What are rare side effects of penicillins?
Erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, acute interstitial nephritis
Which penicillins can increase risk of C diff?
Broad spectrum, anti-pseudomonal
What are the general side effects of macrolides if taken orally or IV?
N+V, abdo pain, diarrhoea if taken orally
IV: Thrombophlebitis
Cholestatic jaundice, ototoxicity
What effect do erythromycin and clarithromycin have on CP450?
Inhibit CP450 thus increasing drug levels
What cardiac effect does erythromycin have?
Prolong QTc
What are the side effects of tetracyclines?
N+V, diarrhoea (reduced if taken with food)
Oesophageal irritation, ulceration, dysphagia
Photosensitivity
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Discolouration or hypoplasia of child tooth enamel
What food should be avoid with tetracyclines?
Dairy
When are tetracyclines contraindicated?
Children, breastfeeding, pregnancy
What are the side effects generally of cephalosporins and carbapenems?
N+V, hypersensitivity, CNS toxicity
What happens when you give cephalosporins with aminoglycosides?
Increased nephrotoxicity
What happens when you combine carbapenems with sodium valproate?
Reduce plasma concentrations of valproate therefore efficacy is reduced
What are the side effects of quinolones?
Neuro: Reduced seizure threshold, halucinations
Prolonged QTc
Risk tendon rupture
What effect does ciprofloxacin have on P450 enzymes?
Inhibits
What happens when you combine quinolones with NSAIDs?
Increased seizure risk
Which drug increases risk of tendon rupture when given with quinolones?
Prednisolone
What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
How is drug-dose calculated for aminoglycosides?
Based on weight
Use ideal weight in obese patients
When are aminoglycosides contraindicated?
Myaesthenia gravis
What drugs increase the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides?
Platinum chemotherapy, ciclosporins, cehpalosporins, vancomycin
What are the side effects of nitrofurantoin?
Urine dark yellow, hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, pulmonary reactions
What effect does nitrofurantoin have in neonates?
Haemolytic jaundice
What are the side effects of trimethoprim?
GI upset, skin rash, hyperkalaemia, elevated plasma creatinine
What drugs should trimethoprim not be used with?
Potassium elevating (ACEi, spironolactone) Folate antagonists (methotrexate), folate metabolism increasing drugs (phenytoin)
What are the side effects of vancomycin?
Thrombophlebitis at infusion site
Red man syndrome with rapid infusion
Nephrotoxic, ototoxic
Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
