Antibiotic Man Flashcards
What are the indications for IV delivery of antibiotics?
2 or more from sepsis criteria (Temp >38 or <36, HR >90, altered mental state, WC <4000 or >12000, RR >20)
Febrile with neutropenia or immunosuppression
Specific Indications - endocarditis, septic arthritis, abscess, meningitis, osteomyleitis
Oral route is compromised
Post surgery
unable to tolerate 1l of fluid
No oral formulation available
In which conditions would you give IV antibiotics?
endocarditis, septic arthritis, abscess, meningitis, osteomyleitis
What are the 4Cs of antibiotics?
fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, co-amoxiclav, and cephalosporins
Examples of fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin, garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
Examples of cephalosporins
CEFACLOR, CEFADROXIL, CEFALEXIN, CEFIXIME,
CEFOTAXIME, CEFRADINE,
CEFTAROLINE FOSAMIL, CEFTAZIDIME, CEFTRIAXONE, CEFUROXIME
What is the difference between Meningitis and Encephalitis?
Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges and presents with Meningism (neck stiffness, photophobia and headache)
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma - more likely viral - and presents with less prominent meningeal signs.
1st line treatment of Meningitis
Ceftrixone IV 2g bd + Dexamethasone IV 10mg qds for 4 days
What can you add to the treatment of meningitis?
Aciclovir IV (10mg/kg tds) if encephalitis suspected Amoxicillin IV 2g 4 hourly if immunosuppressed
Treatment of Tonsillitis
if uncomplicated avoid antibiotics
if >4 FeverPAIN score Penicillin V oral 500mg qds or 1g bd (10 days)
If unable to swallow benzypenicillin IV 1.2g qds
Treatment of Supraglottitis
Ceftrixone IV 2g od
Step down to Co-amoxiclav PO 625mg
Treatment of Glandular Fever
STOP antibiotics
Treatment of Otitis Media
60% cases resolve in 24 hrs without antibitoic. Consider if <2, bilateral or bulging membrabe
1st line - amoxicillin 95 days)
If recurrent consider amoxicillin od or bd
Treatment of Otitis Externa
Mild: Acetic acid
Moderate: Otomize or Sofradex
If unresolved swab: gentamicin or ciprofloxacin drops
Fungal: clotrimazole solution
Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
Ceftriaxone IV 2g bd + Flucloxacillin IV 2g qds + Metronidazole IV 500mg tds (Penicillin allergy: seek advice)
Step down to Co-amoxiclav oral 625mg tds (10-14 days total)
Treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD
1ST LINE Amoxicillin 500mg tds 2ND LINE Doxycycline 200mg on day 1 then 100mg daily (5 days)
Treatment of acute bronchitis
1ST LINE Amoxicillin 500mg tds 2ND LINE Doxycycline 200mg on day 1 then 100mg daily (5 days)
Treatment of Mild/Mod CAP
Amoxicillin 1g tds IV/PO (5 days) If penicillin allergic:Doxycycline PO 200mg on day 1 then 100mg od (or IV Clarithromycin if NBM)
Treatment of Severe CAP
Co-amoxiclav IV 1.2g tds + Doxycycline PO 100mg bd If penicillin allergic: IV Levofloxacin 500mg bd
Treatment of Severe HAP
IV Amoxicillin + Metronidazole + Gentamicin If penicillin allergic: IV Co-trimoxazole + Metronidazole +/- Gentamicin
Step down to PO Co-trimoxazole + Metronidazole (TOTAL IV/PO 7 days)
Treatment of non-severe HAP
PO Amoxicillin + Metronidazole (5 days)
Treatment of endocarditis in a native valve
Subacute: Amoxicillin IV 2g 4 hourly + Gentamicin 1mg/kg bd
Acute: Flucloxacillin IV 2g 6 hourly (4 hourly if >85kg)
Sepsis: :Vancomycin IV + Meropenem IV 2g tds
Treatment of endocarditis in a prosthetic valve
Vancomycin IV + Rifampicin PO 600mg bd + Gentamicin IV 1mg/kg
Things to consider when taking blood culturesfor endocarditis
must be taken prior to starting treatmenrt, aseptic techniques,3 sets of cultures from peripheral sites wirh >6 hours between them (or 2 sets within 1 hour if severe sepsis)
What should you do of patient is still on IV gentamicin after 72 hours?
- Check microbiology results and sensitivities
- Consider switch to aztreonam
- If required ask for advice
What antibiotics would you consider if patient was septic with coliforms?
1st Line: IV gentamicin (IV aztreonam if contraindications)
Step down: oral co-trimoxazole
What antibiotics would you consider if patient was septic with anaerobes?
1st Line: IV metronidazole
Step down: oral metronidazole
What antibiotics would you consider if patient was septic with enterococci?
1st Line: IV Amoxicillin (IV co-trimoxazole if contraindications)
Step down: oral co-trimoxazole
What steps are in Sepsis 6 protocol?
- Administer Oxygen
- Take blood cultures
- Give IV antibiotics
- Give IV fluids
- Serum Lactate
- Measure Urine output
What should you consider when obtaining blood cultures in pneumonia?
In mild disease only 5-15% posistive
In severe disease posistive in early disease
Collect sufficient volume, preferably before antibiotics