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Pharmacology > Antibiotic Drug Classes > Flashcards

Antibiotic Drug Classes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four classifications of antimicrobial drugs based on mechanism of action?

A
  1. inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. inhibit protein synthesis
  3. inhibit folic acid biosynthetic pathway
  4. inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
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2
Q

Narrow spectrum penicillins

A

Oxacillin, Nafcillin

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3
Q

Broad spectrum penicillins

A

peperacillin

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4
Q

B-lactams mechanism of action is on

A

the bacterial cell wall

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5
Q

Which enzyme do B lactase work to inhibit

A

transpeptidase

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6
Q

By inhibiting transpeptidase, B-lactams prevent what in the structure of the cell wall synthesis?

A

Cross link of peptidoglycan molecules in bacterial cell wall to give cell wall strength

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7
Q

Which bacteria are more sensitive to B-lactams?

A

gram positive bacteria

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8
Q

B-lactamase inhibitors are added to some B-lactams to overcome ?

A

resistance by B-lactamase

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9
Q

Clavulanic acid is added to

A

amoxicillin

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10
Q

Tazobactam is added to

A

piperacillin

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11
Q

Which penicillin has greater activity against gram negative and why?

A

Amino penicillin because it makes the molecule hydrophilic to cross the LPS layer easier.

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12
Q

Imipenem is administered with cilastatin why?

A

To prevent renal metabolism of imipenem by inhibit of DHP (breaks down imipenem in the kidney) by cilastatin

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13
Q

The structural difference between penicillin and cephalosporin is what?

A

Cephalosporin is a 6 membered ring instead of 5

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14
Q

1st generation of cephalosporins are useful to treat?

A

skin infections (streptococcus or staphylococcus)

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15
Q

Which drug is commonly used for surgical prophylaxis? (cephalosporin)

A

Cefazolin

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16
Q

Most commonly prescribed cephalosporin for outpatient use?

A

Cephalexin (1st gener. oral drug)

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17
Q

Cephalosporins are better used to treat which type of bacterial infections?

A

Gram-negative

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18
Q

Which cephalosporin is used commonly in treatment of STDs?

A

Ceftriaxone

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19
Q

Which drug is the drug of choice for treating pediatric meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone (3rd gen. IV)

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20
Q

Drug commonly used to treat pseudomonas infections?

A

Cefepime (3rd gener. IV)

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21
Q

Inhibition of cell wall by attaching to end of peptidoglycan precursor unit (short 4/5 aa sequence called d analyl-dalanine) to lay down in matrix

A

vancomycin

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22
Q

Vancomycin MOA is

A

Bacteriocidal in dividing organisms, can’t make cell wall, stops peptidoglycan synthesis

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23
Q

Vancomycin is only effective against which type of organisms?

A

gram positive organisms

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24
Q

Fosfomycin inhibits what?

A

first steps in synthesis of peptidoglycan

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25
Q

Aminoglycoside is a

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor

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26
Q

Aminoglycosides bind where?

A

to the 30S ribosomal subunit to cause proteins with incorrect amino acid sequences (low concentrations)

27
Q

What is the effect of the membrane for aminoglycosides?

A

create fissures and pores in the outer cell membrane, leakage of intracellular contents and action against protein synthesis

28
Q

Aminoglycosides are

A

bacteriocidal

29
Q

Amino glycosides are particularly effective against what bacteria

A

gram negative bacteria

30
Q

MOA for macrolides

A

binds to the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit inhibiting peptide transferase

31
Q

Macrolides are

A

bacteriostatic

32
Q

Macrolide’s are phagocytosed by

A

macrophages to allow WBC to travel to sites of infection where drug is needed

33
Q

Erythromycin and methylated nitrogen make

A

azithromycin (macrolide)

34
Q

Lincosamides MOA

A

bind to the 23S rRNA molecule of 50S RSU, inhibits peptide transferase

35
Q

Lincosamides are

A

bacteriostatic

36
Q

Example of lincosamide

A

Clindamycin

37
Q

Tetracyclines bind to what?

A

reversibly to the 16S subunit of the 30S RSU and inhibit translation, inhibits tRNA interaction

38
Q

Tetracyclines are

A

bacteriostatic

39
Q

Streptogramins bind to the

A

50S ribosomal subunit

40
Q

Which drug will bind to the same subunit as the macrolides

A

Quinupristin (inhibits polypeptide elongation and early termination of protein synthesis)

41
Q

Dalfopristin will do what to quinupristin

A

It will enhance the binding of the quinupristin at the target site

42
Q

Mupirocin does what?

A

binds and inhibits the isoleucyl transfer RNA synthetase

43
Q

Mupirocin acts against what type of bacteria and how?

A

bactericidal against gram-positive and select gram-negative, applied topically

44
Q

Mupirocin is good against what bacteria?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin-resistant strains of Staph aureus

45
Q

Chloramphenicol binds where

A

50S subunit at peptidyltransferase site and inhibits transpeptidation reaction

46
Q

Chloramphenicol binds near site of

A

clindamycin and macrolides

47
Q

Fluoroquinolones inhibit what enzyme

A

DNA gyrase (Topo II) gram negative and Topo IV in gram positive

48
Q

What does inhibition of DNA gyros cause/

A

prevents reattachment of DNA once cut –> accumulation of DNA segments, bacteriocidal

49
Q

inhibition of Topo IV

A

interferes with separation of replicated chromosomal DNA into respective daughter cells during cell division –> halts cell division

50
Q

Rifamycin binds what

A

bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit RNA synthesis

51
Q

Rifamycin is highly

A

lipophilic to allow it cross lipophilic membranes

52
Q

Rifamycins can act on

A

biofilms!

53
Q

Nitroimidazole-metronidazole is a

A

prodrug

54
Q

Methonidazole on aerobic bacteria

A

oxygen terminal electron acceptor –> prodrug doesn’t convert to active form

55
Q

Methonidazole on anaerobic bacteria

A

Drug is effective because produces toxins and free radicals that damage DNA

56
Q

Daptomycin acts on the

A

cell wall structure in gram positive bacteria

57
Q

Daptomycin lipopepetides

A

bind to bacterial membrane to cause depolarization of membrane potential, inhibit protein, DNA, RNA synthesis –> cell death –> bactericidal against gram positive bacteria

58
Q

Pulmonary surfactant will bind to which drug to inhibit its actions?

A

daptomycin

59
Q

Treatment of pseudomembranous colitis or C. Diff associated diarrhea

A

Fidaxomicin

60
Q

Fidaxomicin

A

inhibits RNA synthesis by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase

61
Q

Cotrimoxazole trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole act how?

A

inhibit the incorporation of PABA into folic acid and reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate

62
Q

the correct ratio of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim

A

20 parts sulfamethoxazole to 1 part trimethoprim

63
Q

Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are good for treatment of

A

UTI uncomplicated, chronic bronchitis, infection by pneumocystic jiroveci

Pharmacology (1 decks)

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