Antibacterials, Antifungals, Antivirals Flashcards
Amphotericin B
drug of choice for severe fungal infections, binds to ergosterol in fungi (humans dont have it) and cause pores to form, administered through IV and has kidney toxicities
Imizadoles
taken orally for fungal infections and binds P450 preferentially to human P450 and inhibits ergosterol synthesis
Amantidine
Influenza drug that inhibits viral replication for Influenza A but has resistance issues
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
neuraminidase inhibitor that prevents the spread of virus from being spread from cell to cell
Acyclovir
when taken up into infected cells it will be activation and prevent HSV (herpes) DNA replication
Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal
inhibits growth and reproduction vs kills the bacteria
Penicillin MOA
related to D-ala-D-ala and causes cells to be synthesized without a cell wall (protoplasm) and burst; common allergic rxn
Penicillin G
natural from penicillium mould that is narrow spectrum and destroys gram-positive; pneumonia, meningitis, syphilis, ear and skin infection
Penicillin V
taken orally bc more resistant to stomach acid
Methicilin
resistant to attack by penicillinase
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
broader spectrum of activity than penicillin G and useful for gram-negative bacteria (UTI)
Augmentin
combination of recent semisynthetic penicillins and inhibitor to penicillinase
Cephalosporins
chemically similar to penicillin (still inhibits cell wall synthesis) but more resistant to penicillinase
Fluroquinolones
e.g. ciprofloxacin and inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis of a wide variety of gram-positive and negative bacteria
Tetracycline
broad range antibiotic that binds to 30s and prevents aa addition; can cause nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, discolouration of teeth and bone, not good for children and pregnant women
Macrolides
mostly effective in treating gram-positive and used when individual is allergic to penicillin; binds 50s of tRNA and prevents peptide bond formation and has adverse effects like nausea, vomiting diarrhea
Sulfonamide
antifolate drugs that prevent tetrafolic acid production by inhibiting PABA incorporation; humans don’t synthesis tetrafolic acid
Trimethoprim
antifolate drug that inhibits folate production and has greater inhibitory actions of bacterial enzyme that the human enzyme
Fixed combination oral contraceptive
pills w fixed amount of estrogen and progestin taken on the 5th and 25th day of each cycle
Multiphasic oral contraceptive
fixed amount of estrogen and variable amount of progestin; oral contraceptive of choice
Continuous oral contraceptive
continuous estrogen and progestin preparations taken for 28 days each cycle w no drug-free period; menstruation is eliminated for the duration of therapy
Mini-pill oral contraceptive
daily dose of progestin taken as long as needed; less patient accessibility and efficacy in preventing pregnancy
Mild and Moderate adverse effects of oral contraceptives
nausea, edema, headache, breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, acne, hyper-pigmentation, UTI
Serious Adverse effects of oral contraceptives
blood clots, stroke, heart attack, cancer, hypertension
The Shot: Depo Provera
progestin injected intramuscularly every 3 months; similar to mini-pill
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
implanted into uterus and is effective tor 5 years but can cause heavy menstrual flow, pelvic discomfort, UTI
Norplant
silicon tubes filled w progestin placed under the skin and released for 5 years; associated with breakthrough bleeding, muscular pain, breast discharge, abdominal discomfort, weight gain, headaches and anxiety
Transdermal Patch
estrogen and progestin containing patch applied to skin that delivered for 7 days and requires 3 patches per cycle
Estrogen
post-coital contraceptive with large dose of estrogen taken 24-72 h after coitus and can interfere w follicular development, altering of cervical mucus, altering sperm migration and inhibiting fertilization, but associated w nausea
Anti-progestin
blocks release of progesterone that supports pregnancy and can be taken after a missed period to bring on menstruation and initiate an early abortion
Androgen-based male contraceptive
inhibits GnRH to prevent spermatogenesis but results in infertility and enhanced secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens (male contraceptive)
supress GnRH release but also decreases testosterone production leading to lower sex drive, feminine characteristics and infertility
Progestin and Androgen (male contraceptive)
synthetic progestin inhibits GnRH release but androgen replaces lost testosterone and secondary sex characteristics
Glossypol
obtained from cotton seeds that destroys elements of seminiferous tubules to decrease sperm production, but not alter other effects of testosterone, but associated w hypokalemia
