Antibacterials, Antifungals, Antivirals

Question 1

Amphotericin B

Answer 1

drug of choice for severe fungal infections, binds to ergosterol in fungi (humans dont have it) and cause pores to form, administered through IV and has kidney toxicities

Question 2

Imizadoles

Answer 2

taken orally for fungal infections and binds P450 preferentially to human P450 and inhibits ergosterol synthesis

Question 3

Amantidine

Answer 3

Influenza drug that inhibits viral replication for Influenza A but has resistance issues

Question 4

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Answer 4

neuraminidase inhibitor that prevents the spread of virus from being spread from cell to cell

Question 5

Acyclovir

Answer 5

when taken up into infected cells it will be activation and prevent HSV (herpes) DNA replication

Question 6

Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal

Answer 6

inhibits growth and reproduction vs kills the bacteria

Question 7

Penicillin MOA

Answer 7

related to D-ala-D-ala and causes cells to be synthesized without a cell wall (protoplasm) and burst; common allergic rxn

Question 8

Penicillin G

Answer 8

natural from penicillium mould that is narrow spectrum and destroys gram-positive; pneumonia, meningitis, syphilis, ear and skin infection

Question 9

Penicillin V

Answer 9

taken orally bc more resistant to stomach acid

Question 10

Methicilin

Answer 10

resistant to attack by penicillinase

Question 11

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

Answer 11

broader spectrum of activity than penicillin G and useful for gram-negative bacteria (UTI)

Question 12

Augmentin

Answer 12

combination of recent semisynthetic penicillins and inhibitor to penicillinase

Question 13

Cephalosporins

Answer 13

chemically similar to penicillin (still inhibits cell wall synthesis) but more resistant to penicillinase

Question 14

Fluroquinolones

Answer 14

e.g. ciprofloxacin and inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis of a wide variety of gram-positive and negative bacteria

Question 15

Tetracycline

Answer 15

broad range antibiotic that binds to 30s and prevents aa addition; can cause nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, discolouration of teeth and bone, not good for children and pregnant women

Question 16

Macrolides

Answer 16

mostly effective in treating gram-positive and used when individual is allergic to penicillin; binds 50s of tRNA and prevents peptide bond formation and has adverse effects like nausea, vomiting diarrhea

Question 17

Sulfonamide

Answer 17

antifolate drugs that prevent tetrafolic acid production by inhibiting PABA incorporation; humans don’t synthesis tetrafolic acid

Question 18

Trimethoprim

Answer 18

antifolate drug that inhibits folate production and has greater inhibitory actions of bacterial enzyme that the human enzyme

Question 19

Fixed combination oral contraceptive

Answer 19

pills w fixed amount of estrogen and progestin taken on the 5th and 25th day of each cycle

Question 20

Multiphasic oral contraceptive

Answer 20

fixed amount of estrogen and variable amount of progestin; oral contraceptive of choice

Question 21

Continuous oral contraceptive

Answer 21

continuous estrogen and progestin preparations taken for 28 days each cycle w no drug-free period; menstruation is eliminated for the duration of therapy

Question 22

Mini-pill oral contraceptive

Answer 22

daily dose of progestin taken as long as needed; less patient accessibility and efficacy in preventing pregnancy

Question 23

Mild and Moderate adverse effects of oral contraceptives

Answer 23

nausea, edema, headache, breakthrough bleeding, weight gain, acne, hyper-pigmentation, UTI

Question 24

Serious Adverse effects of oral contraceptives

Answer 24

blood clots, stroke, heart attack, cancer, hypertension

Question 25

The Shot: Depo Provera

Answer 25

progestin injected intramuscularly every 3 months; similar to mini-pill

Question 26

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

Answer 26

implanted into uterus and is effective tor 5 years but can cause heavy menstrual flow, pelvic discomfort, UTI

Question 27

Norplant

Answer 27

silicon tubes filled w progestin placed under the skin and released for 5 years; associated with breakthrough bleeding, muscular pain, breast discharge, abdominal discomfort, weight gain, headaches and anxiety

Question 28

Transdermal Patch

Answer 28

estrogen and progestin containing patch applied to skin that delivered for 7 days and requires 3 patches per cycle

Question 29

Estrogen

Answer 29

post-coital contraceptive with large dose of estrogen taken 24-72 h after coitus and can interfere w follicular development, altering of cervical mucus, altering sperm migration and inhibiting fertilization, but associated w nausea

Question 30

Anti-progestin

Answer 30

blocks release of progesterone that supports pregnancy and can be taken after a missed period to bring on menstruation and initiate an early abortion

Question 31

Androgen-based male contraceptive

Answer 31

inhibits GnRH to prevent spermatogenesis but results in infertility and enhanced secondary sex characteristics

Question 32

Estrogens (male contraceptive)

Answer 32

supress GnRH release but also decreases testosterone production leading to lower sex drive, feminine characteristics and infertility

Question 33

Progestin and Androgen (male contraceptive)

Answer 33

synthetic progestin inhibits GnRH release but androgen replaces lost testosterone and secondary sex characteristics

Question 34

Glossypol

Answer 34

obtained from cotton seeds that destroys elements of seminiferous tubules to decrease sperm production, but not alter other effects of testosterone, but associated w hypokalemia