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Parasitology > Anti-parasitic vaccines > Flashcards

Anti-parasitic vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a preparation of killed microorganisms, live attenuated microorganisms or subunits of microorganisms which are administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease

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2
Q

Vaccines can work in two ways?

A
  • To prevent infection

- To reduce the symptoms associated with infection

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3
Q

Are there currently any commercially available anti-parasitic vaccines for humans?

A

No

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4
Q

What vaccinations are available in animals?

A

Giardia vaccination in dogs
Tape worm vaccination in pigs
Vaccination against ticks in cattle

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5
Q

How many cases of malaria in 2015?

A

212 million cases

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6
Q

How many malaria associated deaths in 2015?

A

429,000 malaria associated deaths

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7
Q

Aside from the health burden malaria causes a large?

A

Economic burden

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8
Q

The economic burden can limit?

A

Economic prosperity

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9
Q

What is the economic burden of malaria in Africa?

A

Annual costs of $12 billion

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10
Q

Malaria accounts for how much of public health spending?

A

Accounts for 40% of public health spending

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11
Q

Countries incur costs due to?

A
  • Malaria eradication programmes
  • Cost of treatment
  • Cost of drugs
  • Cost of days lost from work
  • Cost of school absenteeism and reduced development of children due to the disease
  • Loss of worker productivity
  • Reduction in fertility and population growth
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12
Q

Current malaria control methods?

A
  • Drugs
  • Insecticides
  • Indoor residual insecticide spraying
  • Nets with pyrethoid insecticides
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13
Q

What is an example of an anti-malarial drug?

A

Artemisinin

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14
Q

What was the GMEP?

A

Global Malaria Eradication Programme

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15
Q

When was the GMEP established?

A

1955

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16
Q

What did the GMEP involve?

A
  • Antimalarial drugs

- Spraying DDT insecticide

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17
Q

Benefits of the GMEP?

A

Eradication of malaria in 15 countries

Eradication of malaria in Europe from Italy, Portugal and Greece

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18
Q

Why did the GMEP not reduce the incidence of malaria in Africa?

A
  • Logistically difficult to target
  • Lack of funding
  • Political instability
  • High population density
  • High incidence of malaria
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19
Q

What caused the GMEP to stop in the 1970s?

A
  • Economic crisis in 1970s
  • Could no longer financially support the programme
  • Increased incidence of drug and DDT resistance emerging
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20
Q

When the GMEP stopped what occurred?

A
  • Malaria resurgence occurred in many countries
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21
Q

When did the Global Malaria Eradication Programme begin?

A

1955

22
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A vaccine is a preparation of killed microorganisms, live attenuated microorganisms or subunits of microorganisms which are administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease

23
Q

What occurred in 1970s?

A

Economic crisis

GMEP halted

24
Q

The halt of the GMEP led to?

A

Malaria resurgence in many countries

25
Q

What is the vaccine technology roadmap?

A

To develop a vaccine with over 75% clinical protective efficacy by 2030
Developing vaccines by 2030 able to substantially reduce the transmission

26
Q

What is the malaria vaccine technology roadmap?

A

This map outlines a path for the acceleration in malaria vaccine development

27
Q

Aims of the malaria vaccine technology roadmap are to?

A

Have a vaccine by 2030 which can reduce the transmission of malaria and a vaccine with 75% protective efficacy against clinical malaria

28
Q

Vaccines can be used against which life stages?

A

Pre-erythrocytic
Erythrocytic
Mosquito stage

29
Q

Which vaccines are being developed to target the pre-erythrocytic stage?

A

RTS,S

Irradiated sporozoites

30
Q

Which vaccines are being developed to target the erythrocytic stage?

A

AMA1

MSP1

31
Q

Which vaccines are being developed to target the mosquito life stage?

A

Transmission blocking vaccines

32
Q

Irradiated sporozoites are what type of vaccine?

A

Whole cell derived vaccine

33
Q

AMA1, MSP1 and RTS,S are what types of vaccine?

A

Subunit vaccines

34
Q

AMA1 is what protein?

A

It is released by the micronemes and is involved in cell attachment and invasion. It binds to the RON complex which is derived from the rhoptries and forms the tight junction

35
Q

What is required to form the tight function?

A

AMA1 microneme protein

Rhoptry RON complex

36
Q

RON?

A

Rhoptry associated neck protein

37
Q

MSP1 protein?

A

This is a surface antigen which is distributed on the surface of the merozoite

38
Q

What is RTS,S vaccine made up of?

A

Hybrid protein and AS01 adjuvant

39
Q

Adjuvant in RTS,S?

A

AS01

40
Q

What does each part of RTS,S stand for?

A 
R= CSP repeats
T= T cell epitopes
S= Bound HBsAg
S= Free HBsAg
41
Q

What is CSP?

A

Circumsporozoite protein

42
Q

What is the HBsAg and what is it required for?

A

It is a hepatitis B antigen

It is required for the formation of viral like particles

43
Q

Where is CSP found?

A

Distributed evenly over the surface of the sporozoite. It is attached via a GPI anchor

44
Q

What is the function of CSP?

A

It is a surface antigen/protein distributed over the surface of the sporozoite
It is involved in binding to the hepatocyte
It is highly conserved in Plasmodium species infecting humans

45
Q

CSP is highly conserved in?

A

Plasmodium species infecting humans

46
Q

CSP all you need to know?

A

Highly conserved in Plasmodium species infecting humans
Surface protein/antigen evenly distributed over the sporozoite surface
Involved in binding to the hepatocytes
Attached via a GPI anchor

47
Q

Which is the most promising anti-malarial vaccine?

A

RTS,S

48
Q

Issues with RTS,S?

A
  • Not good in the long term, protection wanes over time

- Will not be able to achieve malaria eradication

49
Q

It it worthwhile to implement RTS,S and why?

A

Cost effective even at the highest cost and lowest efficacy

50
Q

What are issues with subunit vaccines?

A

Limited antigenic repertoire. The immunogen makes up a very small constituent of the entire parasite< 1%. May not elicit a strong enough immune response

Parasitology (17 decks)

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