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Master Class Exam > Anti Nutritional Factors > Flashcards

Anti Nutritional Factors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Feed evaluation techniques?

A

1) Chemical analysis
2) Enzymatic analysis
3) Biological analysis

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2
Q

Why do you use enzymatic evaluation?

A

Predict the nutritive value of feed ingredients

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3
Q

How do enzymatic evaluative techniques differ? 3

A

1) pH
2) Temperature
3) time

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4
Q

3 Examples of enzymatic evaluation include:

A

1) Pepsin cellulase
2) neutral detergent cellulase
3) proteases, lipases and amylases

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5
Q

What are the four advantages of enzymatic evaluations?

A

Don’t require fistualted/ canulated animal
Mimic conditions of feed digestion
Better predictors than chemical analysis
Generate values comparable to in Vivo digestion

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6
Q

What are the 5 livestock feed resources?

A

1) Natural pasture
2) Browse
3) Stover
4) Argo-industrial by-products
5) Animal derived feed resources

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7
Q

Discuss natural pastures (4)

A

An example of natural pasture is grass which contains dietary energy, RUCP and MCP. It is seasonal which results in the quality and quantity being implicated and there is a loss due to urbanization and land cropping

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8
Q

Discuss Browse 4

A

Browse includes leaves, pods and twigs and has a better crude protein content than grass. It is important during the dry season, however ANFs can be a challenge.

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9
Q

Discuss residues/ stover (3)

A

Mostly grazed after harvesting and generally have a low nutritive quality. It requires supplementation with legume hays

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10
Q

Discuss ago-industrial by products (4)

A

These consist of industrial by-products:

1) Grain
2) Oilseed (Soyabean, corn, sunflower)
3) Brewing

These items are hard to access and expensive

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11
Q

What are the 3 animal -derived feed resources?

A

1) Blood meal
2) Bone and meat meal
3) Fish meal

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12
Q

What is feed composed of?

A

Water and Dry matter

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13
Q

What is dry matter composed of ?

A

Organic and inorganic matter

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14
Q

What are the constituents of organic and inorganic matter?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids and
5) organic acids and vitamins

Inorganic: minerals

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15
Q

Describe proximate analysis:

A

Quantitative method the divide feed resources into 6 categories:

1) Ash (minerals)
2) Moisture
3) Crude protein (CP)
4) Crude fiber (CF)
5) Ether extract (EE)
6) Nitrogen free extractives (NFE) = 1000 - Ash - moisture - CP - CF - EE

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16
Q

Describe the pros and cons of proximate analysis

A

Pros:
Easy to execute, save time

Cons:
Environmentally unfriendly and has technical flaw as this process deems CF a major nutrient and thus digestibility which is estimated by NFE is often overestimated

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17
Q

What are fiber assays?

List 3 fiber types:

A

Fiber assays compensate for proximate analysis and include:

1) Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
2) Acid detergent fiber (ADF)
3) Acid detergent lignin (ADL)

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18
Q

What are the constituents of fiber for NDF?

A

1) Cellulose
2) Hemicellulose
3) Lignin

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19
Q

What are the constituents of fiber for ADF?

A

1) Cellulose fractions
2) Crude lignin
3) Silica

20
Q

What are the constituents of fiber for ADL

A

1) Lignified N
2) Lignin
3) Silica

21
Q

What are biological feed evaluation techniques designed to do?

A

They are designed to simulated parts of GIT in order to provide information about feed potential.

22
Q

Describe the in vitro two-stage technique developed by Tilley and Terry, 1963

A

The feed sample is fermented for 48 hours in the buffered rumen liquor (maintains pH and anaerobic conditions) and is followed by pepsin digestion in acid conditions

23
Q

What are the 3 advantages of in vitro two stage technique?

A

1) Allows for controlled experiments
2) Saves time compared to in vivo experimentation which requires an adaptation period.
3) It is repeatable and allows for accurate prediction of nutritive value.

24
Q

Describe the in situation degradability technique:

A

The rumen of the animal is cannulated. The feed is placed within special nylon bags and incubated in the rumen for specified periods of time. The disappearance of feed from the bag is measured over specific time periods.

25
Q

How does in the in situ degradability technique predict feed value?

A

The time based measurement of the disappearance of feed gives information about the kinetics of feed degradation, predicting feed value.

26
Q

What is digestibility?

A

The proportion of consumed feed which is not excreted in the farces and therefore is assumed to be absorbed by the animal.

Dry matter intake - faces output/ dry matter intake

27
Q

What are the requirements for a digestibility trial?

A

1) Must have the feed under investigation
2) the test species should be of the same species, breed, age and preferably male
3) The animals need to be appropriately housed
4) harness and farces collection bags need to be fitted to the animals

28
Q

Describe the mechanics of the in vivo digestibility trial (5)

A

1) An adaptation period is required: 1 week for mono gastric animals and 2 weeks for ruminants
2) the meal must be mixed properly and given at the same time
3) Collection must include total feed consumed and face all output (and urine output in the case of Nitrogen balance urea)
4) Quantify the input and output
5) This will determine apparent digestibility as there is an assumption that the difference between input and output has been absorbed and it does not take into account the metabolic outputs increasing the mass of the farces.

29
Q

What are the criticisms of the in vivo digestibility trial?

A

The assumption that feed not excreted is absorbed.

1) Methane that is produced during the fermentation of CHO in ruminants is lost via eructation which leads to an overestimation
2) Faeces contains more than just undigested food e.g. endogenous enzymes, cells from the GIT wall and unabsorbed GIT secretions’
3) Faeces contains metabolic byproducts such as ether extracts and minerals

30
Q

What is an anti nutritional factor?

A

Secondary plant metabolite that protects plants against herbivory

31
Q

How do ANFs causes their effects? (7)

A

1) Decrease the palatability of feed
2) Bind to dietary proteins in the GIT
3) Bind to digestive enzymes in the GIT
4) Chelate minerals
5) Precipitate nutrients
6) Cause tissue toxicity
7) Erode the the absorptive enterocytes in small intestine

32
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Arabinoxylans?

A

Increases digesta viscosity which reduces the mixing of the digesta with digestive enzymes, thereby decreasing absorption and digestion impairing animal performance

33
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Beta fly and

A

Increases digesta viscosity leading to reduction in mixing with digestive enzymes. Furthermore there is a decreased passage of digesta resulting in colonization of clostridium perfringes resulting in necrotic enteritis.

34
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: L-Canavanine

A

Results in arginine substitution leading to non-functional proteins. Causes toxicity in animals especially chickens.

35
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Lectins/ Phytohaemagluttinins

A

Lectins bind to carbohydrates on cellular membranes resulting in agglutination. They are thermolabile. This can result in agglutination of erythrocytes and atrophy of the microvilli as well as a decrease in epithelial cell viability.

36
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Phytates/ phytic acid?

A

Phytates form insoluble salts with Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn, phytases will ameliorate these effects. This results in the blockage of P, Zn, Mg, Ca and Fe resulting in decreased protein and lipid absorption

37
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Protease inhibitors

A

Inhibit proteolytic enzymes decreasing protein absorption impairing growth. Furthermore, there is a increased secretion of pancreatic proteases resulting in pancreatic hypertrophy

38
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Saponins

A

They are bitter resulting in a decreased feed intake leading to poor growth performance.

39
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of: Tannins

A

Bind to dietary proteins and digestive enzymes inhibiting the activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase. This resulting in poor growth performance.

40
Q

What is the mechanism and effect in the animal of:oxalates

A

Chelates Ca, Fe, K and Mg ions resulting hypocalcemia and hyperoxaluria which is associated with kidney stones, this causes toxicity.

41
Q

How are trypsin inhibitors deactivated?

A

Heat treatment

42
Q

How are lectins deactivated?

A

Heat treatment

43
Q

How are phytates destroyed?

A

Heat

44
Q

How are oligosaccharide destroyed?

A

Heat

45
Q

Name the thermolabile ANFS 4

A

1) Trypsin inhibitors
2) Lectins
3) Phytic acid
4) Oligosaccharides

46
Q

What is the formula for crude protein?

A

Nitrogen content x 6.25

Master Class Exam (5 decks)

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