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Microbiology > Anti-microbial Therapy > Flashcards

Anti-microbial Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

1935: discovered by Gerhard Domagk

A

Sulfonamides

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2
Q

Initially used in the antibiotic therapy of certain sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and certain bacterial diseases like Staphylococcus Aureus

A

Sulfonamide

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3
Q

1940: Alexander Fleming discovered

A

Penicillin

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4
Q

Administer a drug to an infected person, which destroys the infective agent without harming the host’s cells

A

Selective toxicity

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5
Q

Antimicrobial treatment is not toxic to mammalian cells because of the absence of the characteristic ________ that you see in bcteria

A

Peptidoglycan layer

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6
Q

Ideal antimicrobial drug: microbicidal or microbiostatic

A

Microbicidal

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7
Q

Functions even when highly diluted in body fluids

A

Relatively soluble

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8
Q

Antimicrobial drugs should have high binding capacity to target the essential protein of the bacteria to be able to control the synthesis of their cell walls and the multiplication of the bacteria

A

Relatively soluble

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9
Q

T or F: Antimicrobial drug should remain potent long enough to act

A

T

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10
Q

The greatest number of current antibiotics are derived from bacteria in the genera. Give examples

A

Natural
Stretomyces and bacillus
From molds, penicillum and cephalosporium

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11
Q

Create new drugs by altering the structure of naturally occuring antibiotics

A

Semisynthetic drugs

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12
Q

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

A

Semisynthetic drug

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13
Q

Drugs produce entirely by chemical reactions within the laboratory setting

A

Synthetic drugs

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14
Q

Bioengineering techniques, drugs are produced by manipulating the genes of natural antibiotic producers

A

Synthetic drugs

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15
Q

In starting treatment, what are the things to consider (3)

A

Identify the microorganism causing infection
Identify the microorganism’s susceptibility
Identify the patient’s overall medical condition

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16
Q

Profile of antimicrobial sensitivity

A

Antibiogram

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17
Q

The surface of the plate of special medium is spread with the test bacterium and small discs containing a premeasured amount of antimicrobial are dispensed on the bacterial lawn

A

Agar diffusion test

18
Q

Smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits the growth

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration MIC

19
Q

Smallest concentration of drug that kills the bacteria

A

Minimum bactericidal concentration MBC

20
Q

Graded amounts of antimicrobial substances are incorporated into the liquid or solid bacteriological media

A

Tube dilution test

21
Q

Ratio of the dose that is toxic to humans to its minimum effectiveness therapeutic dose

A

Therapeutic index

22
Q

T or F. The highest therapeutic index usually has the widest margin of safety

23
Q

Period wherein clinician can initiate the effective antibiotics

A

Window of opportunity

24
Q

Mechanism of action of antimicrobial (5)

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Nucleic acid structure and fxn
Protein synthesis
Cell membrane structure and fxn
Folic acid synthesis

25
Q

Acts on both 30S and 50S rRNA. Give example

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors
Linezolid

26
Q

Folic acid synthesis in the cytoplasm example (3)

A

Sulfonamide
Trimethoprim
Bactrim and Co-trimoxazole

27
Q

Cell wall inhibitors (7)

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Carbapenem
Vancomyci
Bacitracin
Fosfomycin
Isoniazid

28
Q

Cell membrane: cause the loss of selective permeability as demonstrated by the use of (2)

A

Polymyxins
Daptomycin

29
Q

The unwinding enzyme

30
Q

Inhibits gyrase

A

Quinolones (ciprofloxacin)

31
Q

Inhibits rna polymerase

32
Q

Drug that cover both tuberculosis and gram negative bacteria such as salmonellosis, plague, and gonorrhea

A

Streptomycin

33
Q

Very effective against gram negative bacteria and some gram positive bacteria.
Last resort when dealing with gram negative bacteria

A

Carbapenems

34
Q

Most widely used natural penicillin

A

Penicillin G

35
Q

Relatively resistant to penicillin G

A

Streptoccocus pneumoniae

36
Q

First gen cephalosporin

A

Cephalothin
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cefadroil
Cephradine

37
Q

2nd gen cephalosporin

A

Cefaclor
Cefonicid
Cefoxitin
Cefotetan

38
Q

3rd gen cephalosporin

A

Ceftazidime
Cefoperazone

39
Q

4th gen cephalosporin

A

Cefepime
Cefpirome

40
Q

5th gen cephalosporin

A

Ceftobiprole
Ceftaroline
Ceftolozane

Microbiology (1 decks)

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