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Pharmacology > Anti-infectives and Respiratory > Flashcards

Anti-infectives and Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes are human cells have a membrane bound nucleus. Prokaryotes are bacterial cells that have cell walls and a single chromosome containing their genetic material.

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2
Q

Which receptors does the SNS use to activate the respiratory system?

A

B2-adrenergic receptors which relaxes the smooth muscle and causes bronchodilation

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3
Q

Which receptors does the parasympathetic nervous system activate to influence the respiratory system?

A

Muscarinic receptors which results in bronchial smooth muscle contraction ,bronchoconstriction and increased secretion of mucus

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4
Q

What is the structure of a cell membrane?

A

A thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic “tail” regions are isolated from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic “head” regions interact with the intracellular (cytosolic) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer

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5
Q

Define chromosome

A

A thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of cells. They are made of protein and a single molecule of DNA

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6
Q

What types of anti-infectives kill the microorganism?

A

Bactericidal, Fungicidal

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7
Q

What type of anti-infectives inhibit the reproduction of the organism?

A

Bacteriostatic, fungistatic, virostatic

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8
Q

What’s a Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Simple cell wall without an outer cell membrane. Appear brown under microscope

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9
Q

What’s a Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Complex cell wall which makes them more difficult to penetrate and treat. Appears red under microscope

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10
Q

What are the 4 ways antibiotics can work?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Disruption of microbial cell membrane
Interference with metabolic processes

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11
Q

What are B-Lactam antibiotics?

A

Drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis such as Penicillin, Cephalosporins and Carbapenems

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12
Q

Which three classes of antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Tetracyclines

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13
Q

What are quinolone antibiotics?

A

Drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis that are synthetic, broad-spectrum agents with bactericidal activity. Such as ciprofloxacin

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14
Q

Which 4 drugs are in the first line treatment of Tuberculosis?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antifungals?

A

To cause cytoplasmic injury to to the fungal cell wall, cell membrane or the nucleus.

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16
Q

Which prefix indicates antifungal?

A

Azole

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17
Q

What are the common side effects of anti-fungals?

A

Nausea, vomiting, abdo pain, abnormal kidney and liver function

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18
Q

B2-adrenergic receptor agonist respiratory effects

A

Reduces airway resistance by causing relaxation of airway smooth muscle. Examples include salbutamol (Ventolin) and terbutaline. Can be short or long acting

19
Q

B2 adrenergic receptor agonist adverse effects

A

Heart palpitations, skeletal muscle tremor. Risk of arrythmias if given to those with low potassium (hypokalaemia)

20
Q

B2 adrenergic agonist nursing considerations

A

Monitor vitals as they may increased HR, check inhaler technique before increasing dose, not arrythmias

21
Q

Muscarinic receptor (anticholinergic) antagonist effects

A

Blocks muscarinic receptors on the smooth muscle in the airways which causes bronchodilation by blocking vagal reflexes and reducing mucous secretion. This treats asthma and COPD

22
Q

Anticholinergic antagonist adverse effects

A

Dryness of the pharynx, coughing, pupil dilation, blurred vision, risk of glaucoma

23
Q

What are methylxanthines?

A

A drug such as theophylline which is used in chronic stable asthma that reduces the frequency and severity of acute asthma attacks

24
Q

Which class of drugs are used to prevent asthma and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Corticosteroids, leukotriene modulators, mast cell stabilisers

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids in preventing asthma?

A

Binds to glucocorticoid receptors which inhibits inflammatory factors and blocks the action of enzymes in the inflammatory cascade

26
Q

Corticosteroid interactions

A

Affects the response to anti-coagulants, may enhance potassium depletion, hyperglycaemia

27
Q

What are leukotriene modulators?

A

Preventative inflammatory mediators that are primarily used to prevent asthma attacks in children

28
Q

What are mast cell stabilisers?

A

Preventative anti-inflammatory agents that inhibit the release of leukotrienes, histamine and other inflammatory mediators from the mast cell and macrophages

29
Q

What are expectorants?

A

A drug that promotes the discharge or expulsion of mucous from the respiratory tract by altering the consistency of sputum through dilution

30
Q

How do antihistamines work?

A

They act as competitive antagonists of histamine receptors (H1 and H2) that are present on smooth muscles and glandular cells,

31
Q

What are the effects of histamine?

A

Smooth muscle bronchoconstriction, capillary dilation, microvascular leak

32
Q

How does adrenaline treat anaphylaxis?

A

By stimulating B-adrenoceptors to increase vasodilation, bronchodilation and relaxation of smooth muscle

33
Q

Nasal Cannula flow range

A

2-4LPM

34
Q

Hudson mask flow rate

A

6-10LPM

35
Q

Class and Indication of Formoterol

A

Long-acting beta agonist for COPD, bronchitis, emphysema

36
Q

Adverse effects of formoterol

A

dry mouth, tremor, headache

37
Q

Formoterol nursing considerations

A

Monitor ECG, BP and HR

38
Q

Salbutamol class and indication

A

Short acting B2 adrenergic receptor agonist used for asthma

39
Q

Salbutamol adverse effects

A

Headaches, tachycardia, dry mouth, sore throat, arrythmia

40
Q

Salbutamol nursing considerations

A

Monitor RR, SPO2 and lung sounds before and after administration. Wait 2 minutes between inhalations. Use a spacer to improve delivery

41
Q

Ipratropium bromide class and indication

A

Anticholinergic bronchodilator for reversible bronchospasm associates with COPD or asthma

42
Q

Ipratropium bromide mechanism of action

A

Acetylcholine antagonist which blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors which decreased contraction of smooth muscle

43
Q

Hydrocortisone class and indication

A

Corticosteroid used for inflammation associated with allergic states, dermatological, GI and respiratory diseases.

44
Q

Flucloxacillin class and indications

A

Penicillin antibiotic used in treatment of infection of gram positive organisms

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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