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Advanced Pharmacology > Anti-Infectives > Flashcards

Anti-Infectives Flashcards

1
Q

Which antibiotics are beta lactam antibiotics?

A

penicillins, cephalosporins & certain miscellaneous compounds

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2
Q

What are supra infections?

A

defined as a new infection that appears during the course of treatment for a primary infection

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3
Q

What is an antibiotic? What is an anti-infective?

A

Are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms that suppress the growth of other microorganisms
Antimicrobial are synthetic

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4
Q

What treats otitis media?

A

Amoxicillin, bactrum, or augmentin

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5
Q

What treats diarrhea caused by shigella or salmonella?

A

Fluoroquinolone (cipro or levequin)

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6
Q

What treats diarrhea caused by amoeba or giardia?

A

Metronidazole

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7
Q

What treats Gonorrhea?

A

Ceftriaxone + doxycycline or + AZ

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8
Q

What treats Syphilis?

A

Benzathine Penicillin

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9
Q

What treats a UTI caused by E coli?

A

Bactrum or Fluoroquinolone

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10
Q

What treats candidiasis oral?

A

Fluconazole

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11
Q

Benzyl Penicillin G

A 
Beta lactam ring
Narrow Spectrum
Acid liable
Destroyed by Penicillinase
SE: rash angioedema
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12
Q

Benzathine Penicillin

A

Prolonged half life

Drug of choice for syphilis and strep pharyngitis

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13
Q

Penicillin V

A

Acid stable
Oral only
Similar to PCN G

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14
Q

Nafcillin and dicloxacillin

A 
Penicillinase resistant 
Less active the PCN G
Nafcillin is given IV
dicloxacillin is given PO
They treat narrow spectrum penicillinase resistant staph infections
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15
Q

Ampicillin and amoxicillin

A

Broad spectrum

Amox: drug of choice for treating otitis media and can treat H.pylori in combination with PPI and clarithromycin

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16
Q

What enzyme does penicillins inhibit?

A

transpeptidase and it prevents strengthen of bacterial cell wall
bactericidal and destroys cell wall

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17
Q

Piperacillin/Tazobactam

A

Extended spectrum
antipseudomonal
Given via IV
Effective against beta-lactamase-producing gram (+) and gram (-) aerobes, anaerobes and enterococci
Always given with an aminoglycoside but cannot be given with aminoglycosides in same tube

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18
Q

Cephalosporins

A

a

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19
Q

Cephalosporins 1st generation

A

Works best on gram positive e coli and klebsella

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20
Q

Cephalosporins 2nd generation

A

Greater gram negative coverage less on gram positive

H influenza, enterobacter

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21
Q

Cephalosporins 3rd generation

A

Greater gram negative coverage less on gram positive coverage than 1st generation

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22
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Recommended in treatment for gonococcus (gonorrhea) gm (-) diplococcus combined with doxycycline 100mg BID x 7d or azithromycin 1g po once for existing chlamydia
First line drug for otitis media and pneumonia

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23
Q

Ceftazidime

A

pseudomonas

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24
Q

Cefepime

A

Broadest Cephalosporin on both gram + and -
resistant to beta-lactamases
Patients age 2mo-16yrs treatment of febrile neutropenia, UTI, skin infections, and pneumonia

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25
Q

Ceftaroline

A

Community acquired pneumonia including MRSA

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26
Q

Imipenem, meropenem, doripenem

A 
Other beta lactam
Wide spectrum
pseudomonas
resistant to betalactamase 
Treatment of complicated abdominal infections
27
Q

Aztreonam

A

short spectrum for pseudomonas

not commonly used

28
Q

Vancomycin

A 
Glycopeptide
Treats MRSA 
treatment of strep faecalis
Drug of Choice to treat MRSA pneumonia
treats pseudomembranous colitis (not normally used for that because of expense)
Redman syndrome
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
29
Q

Synercid, Daptomycin (cubicin)

A

Vancomycin enterococcal
Vancomycin resistant MRSA
Inferior to Linezoid

30
Q

Linezolid

A

Vancomycin enterococcal (drug of choice)
Vancomycin resistant MRSA (drug of choice)
Monamine oxidase inhibitor
Avoid tyramine in food and drinks

31
Q

Polymyxins

A

effective against gram negative

found in triple antibiotic creams

32
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

water soluble
penetrate bacterial cell wall by oxygen transport system
effective against aerobic organisms
treats pseudomonas in conjunction with PCN or Cef
concentration dependent power (higher the concentration the greater the effect/killing power) and has post antibacterial effect
Once daily dosing
can cause kidney damage
can cause ototoxicity
Gentamicin (first line drug)
Amikacin (used for resistance)

33
Q

Tetracyclines

A 
bacterostatic
Used to treat acne 
affect gram positive and gram negative
treats chlamydia 
bind and inhibit protein synthesis
First line treatment for mycoplasma, chlamydia, the spirochete of lyme disease, rickettsia causing rocky mountain spotted fever, and lymphogranuloma
doxycycline (first line)
34
Q

Which drugs are effective in community acquired pneumonia?

A

bactrum, clindamycin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolone

35
Q

Amoxicillin and clavulante (augmentin)

A

Drug of choice in treatment of otitis media, gonorrhea, and acute sinusitis
clavulantic acid is a “suicidal” molecule that irreversibly binds to bacterial beta-lactamases

36
Q

Piperacillin

A

Indicated for the treatment of gram negative anaerobic bacteria and pseudomonal infections
Always given with an aminoglycoside but cannot be given with aminoglycosides in same tube

37
Q

What is the drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis?

A

metronidazole

38
Q

Gentamicin

A

usually give with an extended spectrum, PCN, or CEF 3rd generation for the treatment of klebsiella, Ps. aeruginosa, proteus, and E. coli

39
Q

Doxycycline

A

Treats chlamydia 100mg PO bid x 7days (azithromycin is first line treatment)
Recommended in the treatment of community acquired pneumonia
200mg bid for treatment of community acquired pneumonia
Used to treat anthrax exposure

40
Q

Macrolides

A

Either bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on the organism and concentration
Inhibit protein synthesis by penetrating bacterial cell membrane bind ribosomes
Primarily gram positive some gram negative
Treats GERD in children
Alternative to PCN

41
Q

Erythromycin

A

Used if Benzyl PCN allergy exists

Short half life

42
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Drug of choice for acute sinusitis
enzyme inhibitors
treats mycobacterium

43
Q

Azithromycin

A

Drug of choice for pneumonia and pharyngitis
Drug of choice in chlamydial infection 1G PO once (First line drug)
Otitis media in children
treats mycobacterium avid complex 600mg WEEKLY
Can be used to treat meningitis
enzyme inhibitors

44
Q

Clindamycin

A

First line treatment against anaerobic bacteria

Can cause pseudomembranous colitis (black box)

45
Q

Tigeycline

A

Treats tetracycline resistant organisms

46
Q

Fluroroquinolones

A

Broad spectrum bactericidal

not effective against anaerobes or resistant staph

47
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A 
Treats UTI caused by e coli
infectious diarrhea
Treats salmonea and shugella
Inhibits on DNA gyrase 
Joint pain and rupture of Achilles tendon
48
Q

Levofloxacin

A

Uncomplicated UTI

Photo sensitivity

49
Q

Gemifloxacin and Moxifloxacin

A

recommended in patients that don’t respond to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin
cipro resistent strep infections

50
Q

TMP/SMX (Bactrum)

A

Sulfonamide
Treats UTI
Binds to albumin
GI upset

51
Q

Metronidazole

A

Anti-protozoal
effective in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis, Entameba histolytic, and giardia lamblia
Drug of choice for GI diarrhea, H pylori with a PPI amoxicillin, and tetracycline or clarithromycin)
Treats C-Diff
Treats amebiasis with liver involvement

52
Q

Iodoquinol

A

Drug of choice for asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis

53
Q

Nystatin

A

Treats candida infections

Creams

54
Q

Clotrimazole

A

Broad spectrum anti-infective

Comes in creams, solutions, lotions

55
Q

Miconazole

A

Broad spectrum anti-infective

Comes in creams, solutions, lotions

56
Q

Naftifiine

A

Used to treat athletes foot, jock itch

57
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Treats systemic infection (life treating) such as: cryptococcal, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastimycosis, sporotrichosis, and disseminated candidiasis
Given IV
80% develop impaired renal problems
Can cause fever and chills
Flu cytosine bay be given with medication to increase effectiveness (may depresses bone marrow)

58
Q

Imidazoles

A

target fungal cholesterol
Treat systemic candida infection, and other systemic infections
GI upset

59
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Can decrease testosterone

60
Q

Diflucan

A

enters CNS

Can treat oral candida

61
Q

Itraconazole

A

a

62
Q

Ketroconazole

A

a

63
Q

Griseofulvin, terbinafine

A

Treat infection of the nails (onychomycosis)
deposit in keratin precursor cells
terbinafine: hepatic damage

Advanced Pharmacology (4 decks)

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