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6. Anti-infectives PART I > Anti-infectives > Flashcards

Anti-infectives Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-infectives can also be known as? a. antibiotics b. antivirals c. antifungals d. antiprotozoa e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above!

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2
Q

T/F? There are over 1000 different types of antibiotics which differ in their physical, chemical, and pharmacological characteristics.

A

False! There are over 100 different types (not 1000)

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3
Q

_________ is a chemical substance produced by various species of microorgs, including bacteria, fungus, actinomyces, that suppresses growth OR destroys other microorgs.

A

Antibiotics

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4
Q

T/F? Antibiotics are among the least safest, most toxic drugs used in medicine.

A

False! Safest and LEAST toxic drugs.

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5
Q

T/F? Some antibiotics can reduce the effects of birth control pills and cause them to be ineffective.

A

True!!

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6
Q

________ antibiotics suppresses growth of the target, rather than killing the target.

a. bactericidal
b. bacteriostatic

A

b. bacteriostatic

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7
Q

Resident flora in our GI tract is important for the uptake of what vitamin?

A

Vitamin B

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8
Q

Resident flora in our GI tract also deals with Vitamin K, which is important for what function?

A

co-agulation cascade

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9
Q

T/F? Gram(+) bacteria have thin peptidoglycan layer with lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide, while Gram(-) bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layer.

A

False! Gram(-) has THIN peptidoglycan layer and Gram(+) has THICK layer.

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10
Q

Highest ocular concentrations of antibiotics are delivered locally in what 3 routes?

A

Topical, contact lens, and injections.

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11
Q

T/F? Weight, height, and cardiac function are the 3 factors used to determine the dose of antibiotics prescribed to a patient.

A

False. Weight, height, and RENAL (kidney) function.

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12
Q

Name two examples of Gram(+) ocular bacteria.

A

Staphlococcus and Streptococcus.

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13
Q

T/F? Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) is more abundant, while Staphlococcus epidermidis (MRSE) is more virulent.

A

False!!! Staph Aureus (MRSA) is more VIRULENT than Staph Epidermidis (MRSE)

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14
Q

Where is staphlococci most often found on the human body?

A

skin and mucous membranes

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15
Q

T/F: Streptococcus _______ is a Gram(__) ocular bacteria seen in corneal ulcers and pediatric conjunctivitis.

a. aureus , (+)
b. epidermidis, (+)
c. aureus, (-)
d. pneumoniae, (+)
e. pneumoniae, (-)

A

d. pneumoniae, (+)

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16
Q

Gram(-) ocular bacteria can be cocci, rods, or enterics.

A

True!

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17
Q

“Serratia marcescens” and “Pseudomonas aeruginosa” are enteric, gram(-), ______-borne bacteria that can affect ocular health.

a. air-borne
b. water-borne
c. blood-borne

A

b. water-borne!!!

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18
Q

which of the following is NOT gram(-)?

a. E. coli
b. Neisseria gonorrhea
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
e. Haemophilus influenzae

A

d. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Recall that Streptococcus and Staphlococcus are gram(+)

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19
Q

which is a gram(-) rod?

a. E. coli
b. Neisseria gonorrhea
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
e. Haemophilus influenzae

A

e. Haemophilus influenzae

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20
Q

which of the following are ALL gram(-) Enterics?

a. E. coli, neisseria gonorrhea, serratia marcescens, proteus.
b. E coli, serratia marcescens, proteus, pseudomonas aeruginosa.
c. E coli, serratia marcescens, haemophilius influenzae, pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A

b!

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21
Q

which gram(-) bacteria causes hyperpurulent corneal ulcers?

a. Haemophilus influenza
b. Proteus
c. Neisseria gonorrhea
d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
e. Staphlococcus epidermidis

A

c. neisseria gonorrhea

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22
Q

Which gram(-) bacteria causes pediatric otitis media and conjunctivitis?

a. Haemophilus influenza
b. Proteus
c. Neisseria gonorrhea
d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
e. Staphlococcus epidermidis

A

a. haemophilus influenza

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23
Q

which of the following gram(-) bacteria can cause UTI’s and cornea ulcers (choose all that apply)?

a. Haemophilus influenza
b. Proteus
c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d. Staphlococcus epidermidis
e. E. coli
f. Serratia marcescens

A

b,c,e,f

Proteus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens, and E. coli (all the gram(-)enterics)

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24
Q

T/F? Syphilis is the most common infection leading to ocular blindness in the world. It is estimated that over 1/2 billion people are affected.

A

False. chlamydia

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25
Q

Anything in the household that is capable of harboring bacterial infection and can transmit infection, such as bathroom towels, bedsheets, and pillow cases. What is this called?

A

Fomite

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26
Q

When a finger/fomite causes an eye infection, what is this called?

a. inclusion conjunctivitis
b. trachoma
c. syphilis
d. otitis media

A

b. trachoma

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27
Q

T/F?

C. trachomatis - chlamydia and Treponema pallidum - syphilis are both host-independent ocular bacteria.

A

False. they are both host DEPENDENT!

28
Q

T/F? macrolides and tetracyclines are two of the safest antibiotics on the market often used in eyecare.

A

True!!!

29
Q

T/F? macrolides and tetracyclines are broad spectrum bacteria.

A

False. tetracycline is, but macrolide is not. it is gram(+).

30
Q

which antibiotic’s site of action is NOT the cell wall?

a. Bacitracin
b. Vancomycin
c. Sulfonamides
d. Penicillin
e. Cephalosporin

A

c. sulfonamide DOES NOT AFFECT THE CELL WALL. it affects cell metabolism.

31
Q

What is the site of action of Fluoroquinolones?

a. cell membrane
b. DNA synthesis
c. protein synthesis
d. cell metabolism
e. cell wall

A

b. DNA synthesis

32
Q

Which two antibiotics are “concentration-dependent” and must maintain a minimum concentration to be effective?

a. Aminoglycoside and tetracycline
b. Aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone
c. Penicillin and cephalosporin
d. Penicillin and fluoroquinolone

A

b. Aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone

33
Q

Which of the following is NOT bactericidal?

a. penicillins
b. aminoglycosides
c. cephalosporins
d. tetracyclines
e. bacitracin

A

d. tetracyclines, is bacteriostatic.

34
Q

Penicillin, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, bacitracin, and flouroquinolones are all bactericidal.

A

true!!

35
Q

Which of the following “PEARLS” of when to treat is false?

  1. Mucopurulent discharge: NO DISCHARGE = NO INFECTION
  2. +/- Diffuse conjunctival injection: DIFFUSE INJECTION= NO INFECTION
  3. If there is Potential Corneal Compromise
A
  1. is false. SECTORAL INJECTION = NO INFECTION

If it’s diffuse, there is infection.

36
Q

T/F? Penicillin, cephalosporins, bacitracin, and vancomycin are all cell wall inhibitors.

A

True (x4 cell wall inhibitors)

37
Q

Which antibiotic drug is given intravenously in hospitals and is used to treat MRSA and MRSE, which is indicative that the patient has a SERIOUS infection?

A

VANCOMYCIN (its a cell wall inhibitor)

38
Q

Why are humans great targets for antibiotic therapy?

A

because humans lack cell wall and inner peptidoglycan layer that are found in bacteria.

39
Q

PCN is a cell wall inhibitor because it inhibits _________, which is a PCN binding protein that creates peptide X links between polysaccharides.

A

transpeptidases

40
Q

Which 3 PCNs are PCNase resistant?

a. Carbenicillin, Methicillin, and dicloxacillin.
b. Carbenicillin, Methicillin and ampicillin.
c. Flucloxacillin, Methicillin and dicloxacillin.
d. Flucloxacillin, Methicillin and ampicillin.

A

c. Flucoxacillin, Methicillin, and Dicloxacillin.

41
Q

which of the following are sensitive to PCNase?

a. Amoxicillin
b. Ampicillin
c. Pen G
d. Ticaricillin
e. Carbenicillin
f. Pen V

A

PenG and PenV (x2 ONLY that are sensitive)

42
Q

Generally, PCNs are _____ absorbed in the GIT, so they should be taken ______ food.

a. poorly, with
b. poorly, without
c. readily, with
d. readily, without

A

b. poorly, without

43
Q

All of the following are bacteriostatic except:

a. tetracyclines
b. sulfonamides
c. trimethoprim
d. chloramphenicol
e. bacitracin
f. macrolides

A

e. bacitracin (this is bactericidal!)

44
Q

T/F: It is possible to have an antibiotic that has both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties.

A

True! Some antibiotics are combinations and can exhibit both profiles, depending on the dose used. ie. sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim => used to treat Ocular Toxoplasmosis infection.

45
Q

Penicillin, Bacitracin, Vancomycin, and Cephalosporins have what in common?

A

All four are CELL WALL INHIBITORS

46
Q

Genitals –> eye infection is caused by C. trachomatis, a gram (-) and host _______ ocular bacteria. This type of infection is called “________ conjunctivitis”

a. dependent, exclusion
b. dependent, inclusion
c. independent, inclusion

A

b. host DEPENDENT, “inclusion conjunctivitis”

47
Q

T/F: C. trachomatis and T. Pallidum are both gram (-) host-dependent ocular bacteria. The first is associated with Chlamydia, and the latter Syphilis.

A

True!!!
C. trachomatis = chlamydia
T. (Treponema) pallidum = syphilis

48
Q

Which of the following is not a “broad spectrum” antibiotic?

a. Tetracyclines
b. Cephalosporins
c. Chloramphenicol
d. Sulfonamides
e. Trimethoprim
f. Pyrimethamine

A

b. Cephalosporins (attacks the cell wall)

49
Q

Polymyxin B is sensitive to gram (__) bacteria and targets what?

a. (-) cell wall
b. (-) cell membrane
c. (+) cell membrane
d. (+) cell wall

A

b. gram (-) and attacks cell membrane

50
Q

Both clavulanate and sublactam inhibit what?

A

They are both PCNase inhibitors

51
Q

What does the mnemonic “PAT an empty stomach” refer to?

A

Take PENICILLIN, AZITHROMYCIN and TETRACYCLINE without food (empty stomach) because PCNs in general are poorly absorbed in the GIT.

52
Q

Hypersensitivity to which antibiotic can cause Steven’s Johnson Syndrome?

A

Penicillins!

53
Q

If your patient is allergic to PCN, what other class of antibiotic would you not want to give, due to cross reactivity?

A

Do NOT give Cephalosporins ( esp. 1st generation)

54
Q

Hypersensitivity to PCN can cause:

a. anaphylaxis
b. hemolytic anemia
c. serum sickness
d. steven’s johnson syndrome
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above!

55
Q

Methicillin hypersensitivity can cause interstitial nephritis.

A

true

56
Q

Like PCN, cephalosporins have what type of ring structure?

A

beta lactam ring (with 6 members)

57
Q

T/F: No topical formulations of cephalosporins are available.

A

True

58
Q

Which of the following is true about cephalosporins?

a. Less PCNase susceptibility.
b. Hypersensitivity can cause vitamin K deficiency.
c. 3 out of the 4 generations have oral formulations.
d. has cross reactivity with PCNs
e. increasing gram (-) coverage comes in higher/newer generations.
f. all of the above

A

f. all of the above!

59
Q

If patient has hemophilia, which antibiotic should you not give?

A

cephalosporin

60
Q

Cephradine, Cefaclor, Cefzil, Cefixime, and Cefdinir are all what type of antibiotic? (pay attention to the prefix)

A

CEP or CEF prefix = Cephalosporins

61
Q

AK-tracin and polysporin ointments are forms of bacitracin commonly used in eyecare.

A

True!

62
Q

Why is bacitracin only used topically (ointment)?

A

Due to its profound nephrotoxicity.

63
Q

Polymyxin B + Bacitracin = ???

This combination provides broad spectrum coverage

A

Polysporin!

64
Q

The adverse reactions of ______ include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and red man’s syndrome.

A

vancomycin (know that Red Man’s syndrome is associated with this)

65
Q

Red Man’s syndrome is due to IV-induced mast cell degranulation, and simple release of histamine causes flushing of the skin.

A

True

66
Q

Polymyxin B is an anionic detergent/surfactant.

A

False. It’s Cationic !!!

6. Anti-infectives PART I (1 decks)

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