Anti-infectives Flashcards
Microbes are…?
Organisms too small to be seen by the unassisted eyes.
Some microbes have ________ potential.
Pathogenic
Antimicrobials
Drugs developed to fight infections caused by microbes.
Not all antimicrobials have the same ____________________
Degree of effectiveness
Mechanisms of action for antimicrobials.
Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic
The goal of antimicrobials is…?
To render the microbe helpless (either by killing them or inhibiting their replication) and not to hurt the animal being treated.
Susceptibility of organism determined in lab or ______.
in vitro
Use of drug and the response is _______
in vivo
Differentiate microbes by…?
Cell wall staining abilities
Special techniques
Aerobic and anaerobic environments
Describe drugs by spectrum of activity- broad vs. narrow
Antimicrobials can be classified as….?
Antibiotics Antifungals Antivirals Antiprotozoals Antiparasitics
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics
Work only on either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria (not both).
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Work on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (but not necessarily all)
What drug works only on bacteria and are best described by their spectrum of action?
Antibiotics
Antibiotics can be classified as…?
Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic
Bactericidals
Kill the bacteria.
Bacteriostatics
Inhibit the growth or replication of bacteria.
Antibiotic residue is…?
The presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products.
The presence of a chemical or its metabolites in animal tissue or food products is?
Antibiotic residue.
Antibiotic residues can cause…?
Allergic reactions in people or can produce resistant bacteria that can be transferred to people who consume these products.
____________ for antibiotics are aimed at eliminating antibiotic residues in food-producing animals.
Withdrawal time.
Antimicrobials should not be used for?
Minor infections.
What is important when using Antimicrobials?
Asepsis
Antimicrobial use should be based on…?
Definitive diagnosis.
_______ use for _______ problems.
Local
Antimicrobials should be administered __________
At full therapeutic doses.
Penicillins
Prepared solutions precipitate when stored
Solutions must be refrigerated.
Orals are absorbed in the stomach and duodenum.
Parenterals are absorbed at the injection site
Excreted through kidneys but also metabolized through the liver.
Specific withdrawal times as secreted in milk.
Penicillins are excreted through _______ but also metabolized through __________.
kidneys, liver
Oral penicillins are absorbed in?
The stomach and duodenum.
Penicllins have a short shelf life of ______?
7-14 days
Penicillins bind with _________ involved in cell wall ________ and __________ ultimately causing _______.
enzymes, synthesis, lysis
Penicillins have __________ structures that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
beta-lactam
Beta-lactamase
enzyme produced by some bacteria rendering penicillin useless.
Penicillin is more effective against?
Gram-positive organisms
Adverse side effects of penicillin?
Allergic reactions, v/d, enteritis, hives or respiratory distress.
Amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium
Beta-lactam abic and beta- lactamase inhibitor
Broad spectrum
Skin, urinary tract, wound and respiratory infections
Beta lactam abic and beta-lactamase inhibitor
Amoxicillin + clavulanate potassium
Cephalosporins
Classified into generations
Poor absorption through gastrointestinal tract
Distribute through all tissues/fluids except CNS
Metabolize in liver, excreted through kidneys
Ability to penetrate cell wall determines spectrum of activity.
Semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotics that are structurally related to the penicillins.
Have beta-lactam ring.
What drug has poor absorption through the gastrointestinal tract?
Cephalosporins
What drug is distributed through all tissues/fluids except the CNS?
Cephalosporins
What drug has the ability penetrate cell wall determines to determine the spectrum of activity ?
Cephalosporins
What drug is semi-synthetic, broad spectrum antibiotic that are structurally related to penicillins?
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are metabolized in the ______ excreted through the _______, and may be excreted through the _______ system into feces.
liver, kidney, biliary
What drug has the beta-lactam ring?
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Quickly distribute throughout tissues and fluids, sometimes the CNS.
Can bind to calcium and be deposited in growing bones and teeth or bind components of antacids and other mineral-containing compounds.
Broad spectrum.
Tetracyclines are used to treat?
Respiratory, urinary tract, ricksettsial infections and bacterial enteritis.
Tetracycline drugs are -______ except at high dose concentrations then -_______
-static, -cidal
Adverse side effects of tetracyclines?
Renal problems when used at high doses, formation of bones/teeth in young; never IV to horses, fever in cats.
What drug can bind to calcium and be deposited in growing bones and teeth, or bind components of antacids and other mineral-containing compounds?
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline drug GI absorption can be greatly reduced by?
Presence of food, milk and antacids.
Tetracyclines are eliminated through?
Kidneys primarily but also liver.
Aminoglycosides
Broad spectrum, should be limited to gram-negative.
Very effective against anaerobes.
ONLY parenteral administration.
Distributed quickly into extracellular fluid.
Eliminated through kidneys.
What drug works similarly to tetracyclines?
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are used to treat?
Pneumonia, endometritis, UTI’s, bacterial enteritis, conjunctivitis, skin and soft tissue infections, nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity.
Aminoglycosides are excreted?
Through the kidneys.
Aminoglycosides are ONLY administered?
Parenterally
Fluoroquinones
Broad spectrum -Cidal Readily absorbed and distributed Metabolized by the liver and eliminated through the kidneys and sometimes bile Used to treat bacterial skin and soft tissue respiratory infections in dogs and cats Cystitis in dogs Respiratory disease in bovines Reduce mortality associated with E. coli Pasturella multocida
What drug is broad spectrum and -cidal?
Fluoroquinones
Fluoroquinones are metabolized by the _______ and eliminated through the ______ and sometimes ______.
liver, kidneys, bile
Adverse side effects of Fluoroquinones
Formation of lesions in the joint articular cartilage during rapid growth phase of dogs.
CNS stimulation
Safety in breeding or pregnant dogs has not been determined
Not for use in dairy cattle or veal calves
Not for use in egg laying hens for human consumption
What drug treats Pasturella multocida?
Fluoroquinones
Chloramphenicol
Broad spectrum
Readily absorbed into tissue and body fluids
Used to treat respiratory, urinary infections, enteritis, conjunctivitis
Metabolized by liver
Excreted by kidneys
Has toxic side effects that extremely limit use
Use caution when handling this product
Fluoroquinones are _______
-cidal
Chloramphenicol drugs are used to treat?
Respiratory infections
Urinary infections
Enteritis
Conjunctivitis
Chloramphenicol drugs are metabolized by the ______ and excreted through the ______?
liver, kidneys
What drug has toxic side effects that extremely limit use (bone marrow depression) and need caution when handling this product?
Chloramphenicol
Macrolides and Lincosamides
Gram positives primarily (macrolides)
Deep wounds, abscesses, anaerobic infections ^(lincosamide)^
Used to treat penicillin-resistant infections or in animals that have allergic reactions to penicillins
What drug/drugs is used to treat penicillin-resistant infections or in animals that have allergic reactions to penicillin?
Macrolides and Lincosamides
Macrolides are primarily __________
Gram-positive
Lincosamides are best for?
Deep wounds, abscesses, anaerobic infections
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin
Topical administration primarily
Skin and ophthalmic applications
Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity if administered parenterally
What drug, if administered parenterally, will cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity?
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin
What drug is topically administered primarily?
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin
Polymyxin B and Bacitracin are drugs with applications such as _____ and ____________
skin, ophthalmic
Sulfonamides
Broad spectrum
Used for protozoal infections (coccidia)
Used to treat acute UTI’s, respiratory tract infections, wounds and foot rot
Side effects include crystalluria, KCS and skin rashes
Limited use in food producing animals due to residues in meat, milk and eggs
What drug is broad spectrum and used for protozoal infections such as coccidia?
Sulfonamides
Sulfonamides are used to treat?
Acute UTI’s, respiratory tract infections, wounds and foot rot
Adverse side effects of Sulfonamides
Crystalluria, KCS and skin rashes
What drug is limited in use by food producing animals due to residues in meat, milk and eggs?
Sulfonamides
Two groups of fungi
Superficial and systemic
Four groups of Antifungal drugs
Polyene
Imidazole
Antimetabolic
Superficial agents
Amphotericin B is a type of?
Polyene (Antifungal)
Amphotericin B
Either -cidal or -static Treats systemic infections Multiple adverse side effects: anorexia, vomiting, seizures, anemia, and cardiac arrest Administered in 5% dextrose Monitor renal function closely
What drug must you monitor renal function closely?
Amphotericin B
What drug is either -cidal or -static and treats systemic infections?
Amphotericin B
Adverse side effects of Amphotericin B?
anorexia, vomiting, seizures, anemia, and cardiac arrest
What drug is administered a IV in 5% dextrose?
Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Type of Polyene
Primarily treats candidiasis
Adverse side effects uncommon
What drug primarily treats candidiasis?
Nystatin
Two types of Polyene
Amphotericin B and Nystatin
Superficial agents
Griseofulvin Superficial dermatophytes Do not give to pregnant animals Absorption maximized with ingestion of fatty meal Adverse side effects uncommon
Griseofulvin is a type of?
Superficial agent
What drug is used for superficial dermatphytes?
Superficial agents
What type of drug has maximized absorption with the ingestion of fatty meal?
Superficial agents
Antivirals
Limited use in VM
No approved drugs so use human meds
Used to treat FeLV -associated disease, and ophthalmic infections
Topical and systemic use
Acyclovir for feline herpes and avian Pacheco’s
May cause leucopenia and anemia in cats
Tissue necrosis at injection site in birds
What drug has limited use and has no approved drugs so we have to use human medicines?
Antivirals
Antivirals are used to treat?
FeLV -associated disease, and ophthalmic infections
What drug has topical and systemic use?
Antivirals
Acyclovir is used for?
Feline herpes and avian Pacheco’s
Antivirals has ______ and ______ use.
Topical, systemic
What drug may cause leucopenia in cats and avian Pacheco’s?
Acyclovir (Antivirals)
Types of Disinfectants
Alcohols Ethylene oxide Formaldehyde Chlorines Iodines Phenols Quaternary compounds Biguanide compounds
Disinfectants are used primarily for ______ and destroy _________
Inanimate objects, disease producing agents
Types of Antiseptics
Biguanide compounds
Soaps
Organic mercury compounds
Gluteraldehyde
Antiseptics are used on_______
live tissue
