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Year 2 > Anti-Diabetic Drugs > Flashcards

Anti-Diabetic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 rapid and short acting insulting injections?

A

Insulin aspart(âme), Insulin glulisine, lispro insulin, and crystalline zinc

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2
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of insulin aspart(me)?

A

15 min, 1-3 hrs, 3-5 hours.

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3
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of insulin

glusiline?

A

Less than 15 min, 0.5-2hrs, 3-5 hrs.

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4
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of lispro insulin?

A

15 min, 1 hr, 3-6 hrs

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5
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of crystalline zinc insulin?

A

0.5 hrs, 1-3 hours, 6-8 hrs.

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6
Q

What are the 3 intermediate/long acting insulin injections?

A

NPH insulin, insulin glargine, and insulin detemir

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7
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of NPH insulin?

A

1-2 hrs, 8-10 hrs, 12- 16 hrs

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8
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of insulin glargine?

A

1-1.5 hrs, no peak, 11-24 hrs or longer duration.

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9
Q

What are the times of onset, peak, and duration of insulin detemir?

A

1-2 hrs, no peak, 12-24 hrs

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10
Q

What factors may increase the needed dose of insulin in a diabetic?

A

Increased metabolic needs, stress, cessation of physical exercise, increased food intake, and drug therapy (estrogens, thiazide diuretics, etc)

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas?

A

They act by increasing the secretion of insulin.

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12
Q

Explain the receptor mechanism of sulfonylureas.

A

Reduce K influx, which leads to depolarization, increase in Ca influx, and insulin secretion.

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13
Q

Can sulfonylureas reduce serum glucagon?

A

Yes, when administered chronically.

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14
Q

What are some adverse reactions of sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycemia, GI symptoms, muscle weakness, weight gain, and mental confusion.

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15
Q

Name the 6 sulfonylureas.

A

Tolbutamide, Tolazamide, Chloropropamide, Glyburide, Glipizide, Glimepiride.

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16
Q

What is the duration of Tolbutamide?

A

6-12 hours

17
Q

What is the duration of Tolazamide?

A

10-14 hours

18
Q

What is the duration of Chlorpropamide

A

Up to 60 hours

19
Q

What is the duration of Glyburide?

A

10-24 hours

20
Q

What is the duration of Glipizide?

A

10-24 hours

21
Q

What is the duration of Glimepiride?

A

12-24 hours

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Metformin?

A

Decreases glucose production in the liver and increases glucose uptake.

23
Q

True or false: Metformin has no effect on pancreatic insulin levels.

A

True. Metformin also requires the presence of insulin to be effective.

24
Q

True of false: Metformin causes clinical hypoglycemia.

A

False.

25
Q

What are some adverse reactions of Metformin?

A

Metallic taste, GI upset, and anorexia.

26
Q

True or false: Metformin usually produces lactic acidosis in patients with normal renal function.

A

False.

27
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Acarbose and Miglitol?

A

Inhibits alpha glucosidase and thus inhibits hydrolysis of dietary disaccharides and complex carbs.

28
Q

When should Acarbose or Miglitol be taken?

A

At the beginning of a meal.

29
Q

What are some adverse reactions of Acarbose/ Miglitol?

A

Farting, cramps, diarrhea.

30
Q

True or false: Acarbose and Miglitol may reduce the absorption of iron.

A

True.

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Pioglitazone?

A

Reduces insulin resistance by increasing transcription of insulin responsive genes, by binding to the PPAR-g receptor.

32
Q

What does Pioglitazone do in the presence of insulin?

A

Reduces gluconeogenesis and increases glucose uptake.

33
Q

What are the adverse effects of Pioglitazone?

A

Weight gain, edema, increased rate of heart failure and bone fracture.

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Repaglinide?

A

Closes K channels to stimulate insulin secretion.

35
Q

True or false: Repaglinide is shorter acting that sulfonylureas.

A

True.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Sitagliptan and Saxagliptan?

A

Inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4. This leads to insulin synthesis/release and a reduction of glucagon production.

37
Q

What are the adverse effects of Sitagliptan/ Saxagliptan?

A

Mild GI upset; Hypoglycemia.

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Canagliflozin?

A

Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitor. Thus, reduces glucose reabsorption from the kidney.

39
Q

What are the adverse effects of canagliflozin?

A

Dehydration, UTI, and genital yeast infections.

Year 2 (9 decks)

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