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Fall and Rise of Infectious Diseases > Anti bacterial drugs > Flashcards

Anti bacterial drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

Synthetic : Class of systemic antimicrobial drugs

Natural : A chemicals substance produced by microorganisms and has the ability to inhibit or kill microorganisms

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2
Q

Define chemotherapy

A

The use of natural or synthetic chemicals to kill bacteria, virus ,fungi ,protozoa and helminths within the human body or to inhibit their growth

or a process whereby chemicals are used to kill an abnormal growth of abnormal cells

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3
Q

Define Antiseptic and disinfectants

A
  • Theses are agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in high concentrations ,they are toxic to cells and should not be administered systemically

Disinfactants -

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4
Q

Define Antiseptic and disinfectants

A
  • Theses are agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in high concentrations ,they are toxic to cells and should not be administered systemically

Disinfectants - Sterilize objects in the environments

Antiseptic - Used on the skin and mucous membranes

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5
Q

Selective Toxicity : The primary of chemotherapy is

A

The drugs are selectively toxic for microorganisms without negatively affecting the host cells

Absolute : Selective for microorganisms
Relatively : Depending on dose , shows more selectively to microorganism than host cells

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6
Q

The exploited biochemical differences between pro and eukaryotic cells

A

*cell walls
ribosomes
unique enzymes
unique metabolic reaction

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7
Q

terms are used in connection

with the working mechanism of antibiotics:

A
  • Narrow spectrum : Only a few bacterial cell types are influenced
  • Br
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8
Q

terms are used in connection

with the working mechanism of antibiotics:

A
  • Narrow spectrum : Only a few bacterial cell types are influenced
  • Broad spectrum : Various bacterial cell types are influenced
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9
Q

Extended Spectrum :

A

Through chemical modification,it affects additional types of bacteria usually gram negative bacteria

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10
Q

Are bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs effective chemotherapeutic drugs ?

A

yes

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11
Q

What is the difference between Bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs?

A

Bactericidal causes microbial lyses and cell death and bacteriostatic inhibits cell growth and division

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12
Q

Factors affecting bacterial infection treatment

A

1.Drug retention (Drug eliminated or inactivated by host)
2.Wrong drug (Wrong spectrum of activity )
3.Drug delivery problems:
(oral=destruction or poor intake first pass metabolism)
4.Side effects ; Toxicity to host , allergic reaction or normal flora disruption)
5.Development of resistance through acquired genes or mutation
6.Toxins : Exotoxins and Endotoxins ( In gram negative septicemia antibiotics treatment can even make the situation worse )

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13
Q

True or false : Bacrericidal and bacteristatic depend on the host inherent defense mechanism to remove the pathogens

A

true

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14
Q

What are the factors preventing bacterial growth

A
  1. Bactericidal
  2. Bacteriostatic
  3. Host defenses
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15
Q

What is the difference between Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

A

MIC is the lowest concentration of agents that prevents visible growth of bacteria after 18 to 24 hours incubation whereas MBCis the lowest concentration that results in 99% decline in bacterial numbers

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16
Q

list the two types of microbial killing

A

Concentration killing and Time dependent killing

17
Q

What is the difference between Concentration and time dependent killings

A

In concentration dependent killing
rate and extent of killing
increases as drug concentration increase
.When blood levels decrease below MIC, drug is still effective .

In Time dependent killing ,killing is effective as long as serum concentration is increased during MIC dosing dosing intervals. WHEN BLOOD LEVELS DECREASE BELOW MIC, drug is not effective anymore

18
Q

Define postAntibiotic effect

A

Persistant suppression of bacterial cell growth after limited exposure to an antibiotic

19
Q

True or false: A bacteria is resistant to a drug when the drug is not affected by antibacterial growth

A

true

20
Q

True : Some metabolic characteristics of organisms are non-responsive to drug

A

true

21
Q

Discuss the multi-resistant bacteria

A

The more often antibiotics are used the greater the probability of multi-resistance cell types originating or developing

22
Q

Mechanisms of bacterial resistances

A
  1. Transfer of baceria between people
  2. Transferof resistant genes between bacteria
  3. Transfer of resistant genes between the genetic elements within bacteria
23
Q

Biochemical mechanisms whereby

resistance develop

A
  1. Production of an enzyme that inactivated the drug
  2. Alterartion of drug -sensitive or drug binding sites
  3. Decreased drug accumulation in bacterium
  4. Development of pathway that bypasses the reaction inhibited by the antibiotics
24
Q

Causes for development of resistance

A
  1. Unneccessary prescribing
  2. SUB-OPTIMAL DOSS AND DURATION DURATION of therapy
  3. Late initiation of therapy
  4. Inapprpriate use of combination
  5. Longer duration of treatment
25
Q

What is the rational choice of drugs based on

A

1.Known or likely infection microorganism
2.Sire of infection
3.Safety of agent
4.Immunestatus of the patient
4.Renal and hepatic function
5.Cost of therapy
6.Severity of infection
Co-morbid disease

26
Q

List the 3 types of therapy

A

Empiric (best guess): Staring the treatment before the microorganism causing the infection is known
Definitive: Based on results of microbiological tests and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests

Prophylatic : Preventative

27
Q

Discuss the Empiric therapy

A

Critically ill patient
• Culture & sensitivity testing for serious infections
• Broad spectrum agent → cover Gram positive, Gram
negative and anaerobes
• Multiple antibiotics for short-term (serious
infections, polymicrobial infections, infective
endocarditis & tuberculosis)
• Bactericidal
• Cover Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Good penetrability into tissue

28
Q

Discuss combined therapy

A

*A single therapy using a narrow spectrum of drugs is beneficial.

Combined thereapy is only neccessary in special cases

Care must be give for interactive drugs (agonistic , antagonistic ect)

29
Q

Antagonistic interaction

A

When the presence of one drug inhibits the action of another eg bactericidal (beta lactam) and bacteriostatic (tetracycline)

30
Q

Additive interaction

A

When two drug exert a combined effect which is equal to the sum of their individual effect eg beta lactam and beta lactam

31
Q

Synergistic interaction

A

The combined effect of 2 drugs is more than the sum of their individual effects ( beta lactam and aminoglycoside)

32
Q

What are the complications of antibiotic therapy

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
  2. Direct toxicity
  3. Superinfections

Fall and Rise of Infectious Diseases (2 decks)

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