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Pharmacology > Anti-bacterial Drugs > Flashcards

Anti-bacterial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Which two super-infections are common ADRs of anti-bacterials?

A

C. albicans and C. difficile

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2
Q

What are the major targets of antibacterials?

A

Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, microbial metabolism.

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3
Q

What are the three antibiotic groups that target cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams (penicillins, cepathosporins), glycopeptides (vancomycin), polypeptides (bacitracin)

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Prevent polymer cross-linking in the peptidoglycan cell wall, disrupting osmotic pressure and causing cell lysis.

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clavulanic acid?

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitor, used with beta-lactams (amoxicillin) to overcome resistance to beta-lactams.

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6
Q

What are the two major types of beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins and cephalosporins

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7
Q

What is the ADR of cephalosporins?

A

Nephrotoxic

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8
Q

What is the ADR of penicillins?

A

Seizures at high doses

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9
Q

What is vancomycin (glycopeptide) used for?

A

MRSA - resistant severe Gram positive infections

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10
Q

What are ADRs of vancomycin (glycopeptide)?

A

Ototoxicity, hypersensitivity, nephrotoxocity.

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11
Q

What is the main route of administration for beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Injections.

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12
Q

List four classes of antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis.

A

Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, others.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin?

A

Irreversibly bind to 30S subunit of ribosomes.

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14
Q

What is gentamicin (aminoglycoside) used for?

A

Serious infections, usually blood-borne.

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15
Q

Is gentamicin (aminoglycoside) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriocidal at therapeutic doses.

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16
Q

What are the ADRs of gentamicin (aminoglycoside)?

A

Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular paralysis (in rapid IV)

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action and activity spectrum of tetracyclines?

A

Reversibly bind to the 30S subunit of ribosomes, prevent tRNA action. Broad-spectrum.

18
Q

What are the ADRs of tetracyclines?

A

Bind to free divalent and trivalent ions in blood, affecting oral absorption.
Vitamin B deficiency (not used in small children).

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides (erythromycin)?

A

Reversibly vinds to the 50S subunit of ribosomes, preventing movement along mRNA. Does not interact with the human ribosome.

20
Q

Why can macrolides be used when penicillins cannot?

A

Similar spectrum of activity.

21
Q

Name three non-macrolide antibiotics that bind to the 50S subunit of the ribosome to disrupt protein synthesis.

A

Lincosamides (lincomycin, clindamycin), chloramphenicol, fusidic acid.

22
Q

What are ADRs of chloramphenicol?

A

Aplastic anaemia, cell toxicity.

23
Q

What is chloramphenicol used for?

A

Eye drops, systemic in resistance.

24
Q

List three groups of antibiotics that interfere with nucleic acid synthesis.

A

Fluroquinolones, nitromidazoles, rifamycins.

25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fluroquinolones?

A

Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II), inhibiting DNA synthesis and repair. Broad spectrum.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitromidazoles?

A

Bind to DNA to prevent replication.

27
Q

What are nitroimdazoles used for?

A

Antibiotic-induced colitis, parasitic and bacterial infections.

28
Q

What are ADRs of nitroimidazoles?

A

Interact with alcohol, causing nausea, and neurological symptoms, e.g. headache and metallic taste.

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of rifamycins?

A

Inhibit RNA polymerase.

30
Q

What are ADRs of rifamycins?

A

Drug interactions, resistance.

31
Q

What are rifamycins used for?

A

TB management, S. aureus infection.

32
Q

List three antibiotic groups that disrupt bacterial metabolism.

A

Sulfonamides, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin.

33
Q

Compare the mechanism of action of sulfonamides and trimethoprim.

A

Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate, inhibiting conversion of pABA to folate.
Trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting conversion of DHF to THF.

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrofurantoin?

A

Blocks sugar metabolism.

35
Q

What is nitrofurantoin used for?

A

UTIs

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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