Anthropology sociology, economic, political science, epidemiology, geography, psychology, Flashcards
What is Anthropology?
- Study of humans from a social, biological and cultureal perspective
- past and present
- patterns and the cause of those patterns thoughts, actions and realationships
What are the 4 fields of Anthropology?
1) cultural
2) archaeology
3) linguistic
4) physical
What is cultural anthropology?
the study of cultures and societies of human beings and their vary recent pasts. Traditional cultural anthropologists study living cultures and present their observations in an ethnography.
What is enthonograephic research?
ethnographic study is a qualitative method where research completely immerse themselves in the lives, culture, or situation they are studying
What is Archaeology?
the study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the pst, such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived
What is linguistic anthropology?
the study of language, especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social an cultural contexts for language
What is physical anthropology?
also called biological anthropology, is the study of human aviation both past and present
What are the key concepts of anthropology?
1) culture
2) symbols
3) adaptation- any developmental, behavioural, or physiological change in an organism that gives that organism better chance to survive and reproduce
What is an empirical approach?
a study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research
-participant observation, perspective of the observer, perspective of participants
What is medical anthropology?
- study of human an disease, human care systems, and bioculture adaptation
- medical anthropology analyzes and compares the health of populations and ethnic and culturally defined groups
- draws upon the four fields of anthropology and is highly interdisciplinary
- study of how people in different cultural settings experience health and illness
What are some other things does medical anthropology look at?
1) health ramifications of adaptations and maladaption ( poor or inadequate adaptation)
2) popular health culture and domestic health care practices
3) local interpretations of bodily processes
4) perceptions of risk, vulnerability and responsibility for lines and health care
5) risk and protective dimensions of human behaviour, cultural norms and social institutions
What is anthropologies contributions to public health?
1) integrated perspective of culture
- cultural competence
- understanding of context for intervention
- inform public policy
2) link between culture and health behaviour
3) Qualitative approaches
- rich, in depth understand of culture and health
What is critical appraisal?
a review of an article that combines a summary an a critical comment
What is critical medical anthropology (CMA)?
- individuals have an interests in there own bodies and health
- critical of the hegemonic structure of biomedicine
- impacts of public policy and health systems
What is Sociology?
scientific study of human social behaviour
- considers the social perspective; behaviour is influenced by social factors
- focus on social interactions; economic, cultural, political and religious
What are the key concepts of sociology?
SOCIETY- groups of people who share culture, territory. groups with in society
SOCIAL INTRACTION- how people relate to one another and influence each other behaviour
SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION- exploration of the relationship between an individual and wider societal forces
What level of research does sociology study?
macro level
-study whole groups or whole societies
- how is social order maintained?
- how is society organized and who benefits?
- how does social inequality lead to health inequalities?
Does sociological research typically use qualitative or quantitative research methods?
Uses both complex quantitate methods as well as qualitative methods to understand relationship in-depth
How does sociology and health interrelate?
1) views health as a social construct
2) health is influenced by social factors (illness behaviours, health seeking behaviour)
3) provision os health services and structure of health systems socially organized activity
- delivery of and access to health services
- ethical, political and organizational issue
- power dynamics
- medical profession
What is medicalization?
the process of defining (deviant) behaviour as a medical problem or illness and mandating or licensing the medical profession to provide some type of treatment for it
What are contributions to Public Health done through the sociology?
1) study of complex variables and networks
- social capital, social inequalities, social status, and health care organizations
- socioeconomic status = income + education + occupation + place of residence
2) social end economic inequalities
3) critical medical sociology
4) globalization- is th increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture
What is health psychology?
application of psychological theory, methods and research to heath, physical illness and healthcare
- how do people adapt to chronic illness?
- what factors influence healthy eating?
- how is stress linked to heart disease?
- why do patients often not take their mediation as prescribed?
What kind of things do public health psychologists look at?
1) public health principles to psychology
2) consideration of context of health behaviours
3) social psychology (social perceptions pict behaviours, social cohesion and peer influence)
example: effective preventative measures, the best health promotion techniques, how to beset help people cope with pain or illness, how to get people to seek treatment for medical conditions, perceptions or risk
What is the biopsychosocial or biomedical model?
Helps un to understandin health because this model now considers the social and psychoogical influences of today’s health problems
How does health psychology affect homelessness?
1) risk of becoming homeless
2) being homeless- what characterizes the life situation of homeless people and implications for health?
3) service utilization of barriers
4) effects of interventions
What contributions to public health does psychology give?
1) understanding behaviour
2) theories of behaviour change
3) intervention development/health promotion
4) health communication and education
What is macro and micro economics?
Macroeconomics: how entire economics work
National income, sector spending, unemployment, gross domestic product
Microeconomics: behaviour of individual consumers and businesses; understand the decision-making process of firms and households.
-Interaction between consumers and producers factors that influence their choices
What are 5 foundation concepts of economics?
1) scarcity of resources- people have unlimited want but limited resources, everything has a cost
2) opportunity cost- refers to a benefit that a person could have received, but gave up, to take another course of action
3) efficiency- maximize benefits f rom available resources; reduce direct costs and externalities
4) rationality- choices are based on achieving the best outcome (fully informed). This can be influenced by a range of other factors; social norms, short cuts and rule of thumb, values and individual presences, belief and attitudes.
5) cost effectiveness- achieve the objective with least cost
What contributions to public health does economics have?
1) impact of health on productivity, births and deaths, integration transfers, social welfare, and $$$ savings (macro-economics of public health)
2) priority setting and program analysis
- economic and social costs (cost of illness studies)
- cost benefit and cost effective analysis of existing programs (housing first approach)
- economic of vaccine supply to understand the cost of vaccine development, production, and pricing
What is behavioural economics?
How health choices ar made by individuals
- Apply to heath behaviours as products that ensure a cost
- implies the idea that individuals are not always behaving in their best interest
1) heath behaviours exist in a marketplace of many potential alternatives
2) influences by social norms, agents (physicians), risk perceptions, perceptions of outcomes
3) identifying incentives and constraints
What are the 5 public health and health promotions?
1) loss aversion- putting greater weight on losses then gains ex. better to not lose 5$ than to find 5$
2) status quo bias- taking the path of east resistance to continue what people are doing. Any change from where the status is now is negative
3) impact of framing-how choices are presented impact the choice that is made
4) present bias- focusing on immediate costs ad benefit and undervaluing the future
5) overweighing small probabilities- dreaming of winning the lottery without appreciating the real odds
What are the key things that make up political sciences?
1) state, government, and public affairs
2) human conflicts and conflict resolution
3) the sources an exercise of power
What are politics?
the activities, actions and policies that are used to gain and hold power in a government or to infuse a government
How does politics relate to health?
Health is political
- some social groups have more of it than others (health as a capacity; inequalities base on social inequalities)
- an aspect of citizenship and human rights
What are social determinants dependent on?
political action - power is exercised over health as part of a wider economic, social and political system (state)
What is policy and public policy?
- Policy:is rules and regulation set by the administrative branch of institutions and organizations, plan of action
- Public policy: government sett objective and actions taken for the general health and welfare of the public
What is policy framework?
1) define the problem
2) outline the context
3) identify the stakeholders
4) identify/evaluate options for action
5) build support and momentum
What is geography?
the study of the interaction between earth’s landscapes, people. places and environment
What are 2 main kinds of geography?
- Physical- dynamics of physical landscapes and environment
- Human geography- dynamics of cultures, societies and economies within context of places and regions. Links between cultures, political systems, economic and environments
What are the 4 concepts of geography?
1) environment- includes the natural and the human environment
2) populations- groups of people defined by territorial, social or cultural boundaries
3) space- where on the Earth’s surface something is located
4) place- boundaries or limits that define a recognized territory; includes physical, social, and cultural aspects
How does geography often do research?
Do both qualitative and quantitative research
spatial and temporal patterns are fundamental
use computer technology
GPS, remote sensing, geographical information systems
What is medical geography?
The study of the provision and consumption of health care
- Location of healthcare, physicians, clinics, nurses
- Services utilization patterns: what do people use? What do they need?
- Access to care: distance to services, availability
- Social determinants o access to health care
- Medical care vs public health
What is health geography?
Spatial distributions of meteorological, biological, and cultural phenomena associated with disease and the social, political and economic barriers to positive change
Health geography is…
- Distribution of social determinants of health
- spatial distribution of environmental exposures
- spatial patterning of health and disease
- cause of patterns in inequities
What is epidemiology?
1) The assumption that disease is not distributed randomly in the population.
2) The study of the distribution and determinants of disease (or health related state), frequency in the population and the application of this study to control health problems
What are determinants? What are risk factors?
Determinants are caues(s) of disease
Risk factors ar characteristics that “mark” or “indicate” persons at high or low risk of disease relative to otherwise similar persons that do not possess the characteristic.
What is the ultimate goal of epidemiology?
To use knowledge gained through epidemiological studies to improve the health of the population
What are the core concepts of epidemiology?
Prevalence- the number of people in a particular area who currently have a disease and have not been cured fit
-Incidence- the number of new cars of disease during a period of time
What is association and causation?
Association does not always mean causation
- from observations studies or natural experiments
- relationships between determinant/risk factor/exposure and disease outcome
- causation implies direct effect (non-biassed)
- modern epidemiology thinks more about what constellation of factors lead from health to disease
What is confounding?
Confounding is when you assume one thing causes another, confounding is bad because it does not allow you to look at other sources
What is effective modification?
The association between a determinant and health related outcome is different according to a third factor.
What are the different kinds of causations?
1) temporal relationship
2) strength of association
3) consistency
4) plausibility
5) coherence
6) consideration of alternate explanations
What is social epidemiology?
Risk factors work at the individual level and at the level physical and social environment
What is the social-ecological framework?
1) how social factors an the societal infer risk
2) distribution of social determinants in the population
3) reasons for the distribution of social determinants of inequitable social conditions
