Anthropology

Question 1

Anthropology

Answer 1

• the scientific study of humans including their origins; behaviour, and physical, social, and cultural development.

Question 2

Human Evolution: Afarensis

Answer 2

(3.9- 3.0 million years)
 Diet: fruits, nuts, seeds
 Range: Africa
 Environment: Mixed habitats of Savana, woodland, with lakes, and foodplains
 Description: low forehead, brain a third of the size of today’s human, and walked upright.

Question 3

Human Evolution: Homo Habillis

Answer 3

(1.9 -1.8 million years)
 Diet: generalized diet, may have included some meat
 Range: East Africa
 Environment: mixed habitat of Savana
 Description: more human like larger brain, created tools ( the handyman), taller, and capable to create speech.

Question 4

Human Evolution: Homo Erectus

Answer 4

( 1.8- 300,000 years)
 Diet: Omnivores
 Range: Africa, Asia, Europe
 Environment: variable; from warm Savana to cold temperate deciduous forest
 Description: long low skull, and heavier bone structure.

Question 5

Human Evolution: Homo Neanderthals:

Answer 5

(150,000- 30,000 years)
 Diet: Omnivores with more meat
 Range: Europe, Middle East (Western Asia)
 Environment: lived in colder temperatured
 Description: thick and heavy bones, short and stocky bodies made for the harsh living conditions.

Question 6

Human Evolution: Homo Sapiens:

Answer 6

: (100,000 years - Present)
 Diet: generalized diet
 Range: worldwide
 Environment: highly variable ( from tropical rainforest to arctic tundra)
 Description: large brain size, a forehead that rises sharply, eyebrow ridges that are very small, a prominent chin, and lighter bone structure.

Question 7

Primates:

Answer 7

Primates:
•	use feet the same way they use their hands
•	different primates can eat different things based on their teeth
•	use knuckles differently
•	have tails
•	longer jaw
•	can walk on all fours
•	shorter legs, longer torsos
•	bent knees
•	skull, brain stems towards the back
•	use gestures and sounds to communicate

Question 8

Characteristics Shared by Humans and Primates

Answer 8

Characteristics Shared by Both:
•	hierarchy
•	hands and feet
•	methods of communication•	intelligent
•	reproduction
•	the ability to form relationships
•	can live in different climates
•	survival techniques
•	opposable thumbs
•	omnivores
•	live in a community
•	gender roles
•	leader
•	family
•	symmetrical faces and bodies
•	nurture or raise infants till a certain stage

Question 9

Jane Goodall: Primatologist

Answer 9

• recognized for lengthily study of chimpanzee family, lifestyle, behaviour
• hired by Dr. Leakey
• her studies created recognition of similarities between apes and humans
• founded conservation programs to protect chimps + environment such as Jane Goodall Institute, and Roots and Shoots
• found that chimps are nomadic, aggressive, and sporadic in behaviour
• found significant+ marked gender roles
• maternal instincts+ learning
• hierarchy (Alpha) submissiveness to others

Question 10

Diane Fossey: Primatologist

Answer 10

• studied mountain gorillas over a period of 18 years
• studied the Mountain Gorillas in their natural habitat
• proved through her studies that gorillas communication is very similar to ours
• found that they are very aggressive
• gender dominancy
• yet her study found that they are very vulnerable and delicate ¨(emotionally)
• Fossey died fighting for the safety of the Gorillas and their conservation
• organizations and young primatologists continue her legacy

Question 11

Darwin’s Theory of evolution and natural selection:

Answer 11

1 More individuals are produced each generation
2 different genes
3 Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.
4 When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form.

Question 12

Social Darwinism:

Answer 12

the theory that persons, groups, and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. According to the theory, the weak were diminished and their cultures delimited, while the strong grew in power and in cultural influence over the weak. Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest.”
i.e.)adaptability, charisma, curiosity, interpersonal skills, integrity, ambition, resilience, etc.

Question 13

Cultural Anthropology

Answer 13

Includes all the learned behaviours, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideas of a particular society or population.

Culture includes - religion, language, economy, symbols, politics, hierarchy, property, law, norm, industry

Question 14

Three Schools of thought:

Answer 14

Three Schools of thought:

1. Ethnology (study of ethnicity)
2. Linguistics (study of language)
3. Archaeology (study of artifacts)