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Anthropology > Anthropology > Flashcards

Anthropology Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

Studies the whole of the human condition

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2
Q

The Four Subfields of Anthropology

A

Archaeology, Biological, Cultural, and Linguistic

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3
Q

Instincts

A

An inborn pattern of activity or tendency

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4
Q

Culture

A

Traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them

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5
Q

Franz Boas

A

Thought it essential to learn the language, culture, biology, and the past of the cultures to understand who they are. Rejected racism, sexism, etc.

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6
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures.

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7
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture.

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8
Q

Society

A

A group of people who interact more with each other than with others.

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9
Q

Enculturation

A

The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted within generations, across generations, or across societies.

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10
Q

Universals

A

Found in every culture

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11
Q

Particularities

A

Unique to certain cultural traditions

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12
Q

Marriage

A

A relationship between one or more men and one or more women who are recognized by society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another.

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13
Q

Polygyny

A

Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time

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14
Q

Polyandry

A

Marriage of a woman to two or more men at the same time

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15
Q

Family

A

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

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16
Q

Household

A

Basic residential unit in which economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out.

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17
Q

Patrilocal Residence Pattern

A

Husband’s father’s relatives

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18
Q

Matrilocal Residence Pattern

A

Wife’s mother’s relatives

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19
Q

Ambilocal Residence Pattern

A

Can choose either relatives

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20
Q

Neolocal Residence Pattern

A

Move away from both relatives

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21
Q

Patrilineal Descent

A

Automatic membership in father’s group

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22
Q

Matrilineal Descent

A

Automatic membership in mother’s group

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23
Q

Bilateral Descent

A

Traced through both paternal and maternal lines.

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24
Q

Disability

A

A physical or mental condition that limit’s a person’s movements, senses, or activities.

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25
Q

Religion

A

Belief in or worship of supernatural beings, powers, and forces.

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26
Q

Magic

A

Refers to supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims.

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27
Q

Rituals

A

Prescribed behaviors in which there is no empirical connection between the means and the desired end.

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28
Q

Rites of Passage

A

Rituals which mark and facilitate a person’s movement from one social state of being to another.

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29
Q

Three Phases of the Rite of Passage

A

Separation, Liminality, and Incorporation

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30
Q

Separation

A

Participant(s) withdraws from group and beings moving from one place to another

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31
Q

Liminality

A

Period between states, during which the participant(s) has left one place but has not yet entered the next.

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32
Q

Incorporation

A

Participant(s) reenters society with a new status having completed the rite.

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33
Q

Sex

A

Refers to biological differences

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34
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

One’s identity in relation to who they are sexually attracted to or who they have sex with

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35
Q

Gender

A

Refers to the cultural construction of masculine and feminine characteristic that may or may not correlate with the biological underpinnings of sex.

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36
Q

Race

A

Any of the groups into which humans can be divided according to their physical characteristics

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37
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Defines a species as a group of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated from other organisms.

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38
Q

Stereotype

A

A widely held hurtful, and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing that pigeonholes someone

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39
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group.

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40
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Qualitative, “micro,” interactional analysis taking many contextual facts into account.

41
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

Quantitative, “macro,” studying variables in urban settings (such as gender, sex, dialect variation, sound change in progress).

42
Q

Ethnolinguistics

A

A term mostly used in Europe.

43
Q

The Socio-Cultural Context

A

The essence of language cannot be understood without reference to the particular social contexts in which it is used.

44
Q

The Linguistic Approach

A

Language is reduced to a set of formal rules.

45
Q

Ferdinand De Saussure

A

Maintained that it was not only possible but necessary to decontextualize the study of language

46
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Universal grammar for all languages exists. Humans are hardwired to learn language.

47
Q

Phonology

A

The study of sound in language

48
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the internal structure of words

49
Q

Syntax

A

The study of the structure of sentences, including the construction of phrases, clauses, and the order of words.

50
Q

Semantics

A

The study of meaning in language, including the analysis of the meanings of words and sentences.

51
Q

Pragmatics

A

The study of language use, of actual utterances, of how meanings emerge in actual societal contexts.

52
Q

Language

A

A system of arbitrary symbols used to encode and communicate their experience.

53
Q

Gestures

A

Completely non-verbal communication. Highly particular to a culture. Not universal

54
Q

Call Systems

A

Natural communication system used by other animals. Very limited and shallow. Are not as complex and language. Ex. Laughing, crying, etc.

55
Q

Kinesics

A

Study of non-verbal communication, such as the proximity between two people when communicating (In the US, individuals usually have a wide berth).

56
Q

Semiotics

A

The study of signs and their use.

57
Q

Signifier

A

Physical form of a sign, such as the word woof

58
Q

Signified

A

The concept of the signifier, such as the concept of the dog (relationship with the dog, cuteness or bond).

59
Q

Icon

A

Looks like the thing of what it ism such as a picture of a fire to signify a fire.

60
Q

Index

A

A physical connection between a signifier and the signified, such as a picture of smoke signifying fire because there cannot be smoke without a fire.

61
Q

Symbol

A

A completely random picture to represent something, such as a triangle to signify caution. Can vary between different cultures.

62
Q

Phonemes

A

Sounds, or smallest units, or a language. Is the base of all verbal communication and is the easiest part of language to learn.

63
Q

Morphemes

A

Pattern of use, words. Basically compound phonemes. Can be prefixes, suffixes, etc.

64
Q

Grammar

A

Rules of use in morphemes

65
Q

Focal Words

A

Set of words and distinctions important to a certain group. Can be called lingo

66
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

Different languages produce different ways of thinking.

67
Q

Dialects

A

A variety of a language spoken by a group of people with distinct phonemes and-or syntax.

68
Q

Gender Binary

A

The categorization of gender into two, distinct, opposite sexes.

69
Q

Trans/Transgender

A

An umbrella term applied to those whose gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth.

70
Q

Cisgender

A

Someone who is not transgender

71
Q

Genderqueer

A

A term applied to individuals who do not identify within the gender binary.

72
Q

Transition

A

The process of changing one’s gender expression to match their gender identity.

73
Q

Sex

A

Male, female, variations of intersex

74
Q

Gender

A

Man, woman, third gender

75
Q

Performance

A

Masculine, feminine, or non-binary characteristics

76
Q

Rapport Talk

A

A way of establishing connection and negotiating relationships.

77
Q

Report Talk

A

A way of delivering facts and establishing status in a hierarchical order.

78
Q

Uptalk

A

Ending a statement on something that makes it sound like a question.

79
Q

Vocal fry

A

Accessing the lower crackling part of your vocal cords.

80
Q

Mutual Intelligibility

A

If a speaker of one language can understand another, and vice versa, it’s not a unique language.

81
Q

Endangered Languages

A

One that is spoken by relatively few people, is not being learned by the next generation, and/or is likely to become extinct in the near future.

82
Q

Creationism and Catastrophism

A

God created a perfect world, exactly as we see it, but what about imperfections found in nature? Catastrophic natural events changed the world dramatically and these natural processes can be explained through study.

83
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism

A

The same geological processes observed in present have been at work in the past (uniform processes). These processes are so slow that the formations on Earth must be very ancient.

84
Q

Stratigraphy

A

Subsurface layers produce ordered groups of fossils. Those at the bottom are older and those on top are newer.

85
Q

Artifacts

A

Portable objects that own their form to humans

86
Q

Features

A

Non-portable human-made remains that cannot be removed without destroying their original form

87
Q

Ecofacts

A

Portable objects that have cultural significance, but do not own their form to humans

88
Q

Sites

A

A cluster of artifacts, features, and ecofacts. A place where humans used to occupy and something happened there.

89
Q

Law of Superposition

A

The bottom of the cliff is older than the top of the cliff.

90
Q

Relative Dating

A

Artifact X is older than Artifact Y. Artifact y is younger than Artifact Z.

91
Q

Radiometric Dating Carbon-14

A

Unstable. Maintained in living beings. Decays on death. We can date organic remains.

92
Q

BC

A

Before Christ. Goes after the year (500 BC)

93
Q

AD

A

Anno Domini, or in the year of the Lord. Goes before the year (AD 2013)

94
Q

BCE

A

Before the common era. Goes before the year

95
Q

BP

A

Before present. Usually means before AD 1950, when radiocarbon dating was invented.

96
Q

Animal Domestication

A

Artificial selection for traits. Smaller, less dangerous. More docile and social. Useful secondary products.

97
Q

Progressivist View

A

Agriculture gave us free time to build the glories of civilization. Hunters and gatherers have a nasty, brutish life. It is an efficient way to get more food for less work. But with agriculture came widespread social and sexual inequality and disease and despotism.

98
Q

Problems with agriculture

A

Hunter-gatherers have a varied diet. Farmers ran the risk of starvation if the crop failed. Crowding and high populations led to infectious

Anthropology (1 decks)

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